The aim of the study is to evaluate the association of some molecular genetic markers with progressive atherosclerosis.

Material and methods. In total, the study included 202 patients (147 men and 55 women), who were divided into 2 groups. The 1st (main) group included patients with coronary artery disease (100 people) who had a combination of two or more cardiovascular events during the last 2 years before inclusion: myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris, arterial stenting for urgent indications (coronary and peripheral), stroke; acute ischemia, thrombosis or amputation of the lower extremities. The 2nd group (comparisons) included 102 patients with coronary artery disease who did not have any of the above cardiovascular events during the last 2 years before inclusion. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples by phenol-chloroform extraction.

Results. In the group with progressive atherosclerosis at the age of 55 years and older, the AA rs3746444 genotype of the MIR499A gene was absent in both men and women, while in the control group its frequency reached 8.3 % (p = 0.044). The odds ratio of detecting the carriage of the heterozygous genotype AG of the rs6922269 polymorphism of the MTHFD1L gene in the group with progressive atherosclerosis is 0.5 times lower compared to the control group (95 % confidence interval 0.3–0.9; p = 0.034).

Conclusions. Carrying the AA genotype rs3746444 of the MIR499A gene is a conditionally protective factor against the development of progressive atherosclerosis at the age of 55 years and older. Carrying the AG genotype of the rs6922269 polymorphism of the MTHFD1L gene is associated with a reduced likelihood of developing progressive atherosclerosis in patients with CAD.

Aim. To identify the specifics of socioeconomic status and behavioral patterns in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) compared with the data of regional epidemiological study participants.

Material and methods. The study included participants aged 35–70 years permanently residing in the Kemerovo city or Kemerovo region. The study group consisted of patients with MI (n = 60), and the comparison group consisted of clinical and epidemiological study participants (the study was conducted by the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases in 2015–2020 (n = 752). After matching, the study group included 28 patients; the comparison group included 428 participants. The data were collected using a questionnaire to identify the characteristics that determine the socioeconomic and behavioral «portrait» of the participants, their health status. Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess how often each food item was consumed over a specified period of time. International Questionnaire on Physical Activity was used to measure health-related physical activity of the subjects.

Results. All participants (with MI and from the epidemiological study) display negative behavior patterns that greatly increase the risk of experiencing cardiovascular events. However, patients with MI had a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the medical history (p = 0.044), prior MI, peripheral arterial disease (p = 0.001); obesity was noted less frequently (p = 0.014). Patients with MI were more likely to be prescribed antihypertensive drugs (p = 0.001), at the time of the survey they were more likely to be active (p = 0.017) and passive (p = 0.001) smokers. Alcohol consumption at the time of the survey was noted more frequently in patients with MI (p = 0.040), while the majority of respondents from the general population did not consume alcohol (p = 0.038). Patients with MI were less likely to display low physical activity at work 7 days prior to hospitalization (p = 0.001). Simultaneously, patients with MI were less likely to consume cooked and seasonal vegetables, seasonal fruits (p = 0.001). Moreover, patients with MI were more likely to incorporate fatty (p = 0.003) and low-fat dairy products (p = 0.001), lean (p = 0.013) and fatty meat (p = 0.036) in their diet.

Conclusion. The established patterns of behavior in patients with MI and in the general population of the Kemerovo region do not differ significantly. A large number of people residing in Russia routinely makes unhealthy lifestyle choices, however, several «pro-atherogenic» characteristics can be identified in patients with MI.

In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). However, the risk of developing chronic heart failure (CHF) remains high in this category of patients. Population aging and comorbidity further contribute to adverse outcomes. Optimization of approaches to identify predictors of postinfarction CHF is an important clinical task of modern medicine.

The aim of the investigation is to develop a method to assess the risk of CHF development after MI.

Material and Methods. The present analysis included 186 patients who underwent MI from January 2019 to January 2020: 86 patients with signs of CHF above functional class (FC) 2 (NYHA) (mean age 64.3 years) and 100 patients without signs of CHF or with CHF 1 (NYHA) (mean age 62.6 years) by day 30 of MI. A mathematical model of CHF risk after MI was built by factor and correlation analysis methods.

Results. A method for assessing CHF risk after a previous MI was developed. The proposed formula is programmed in Excel table processor and includes 5 indicators: presence of atrial fibrillation, Killip class of acute heart failure, triglycerides level, ST-segment elevation of electrocardiogram, left ventricular ejection fraction less than 45 %. The authors’ approach allows long-term personalized monitoring, taking into account the ranked contribution of each factor in a particular patient; it is characterized by high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

Conclusion. The present study investigated the factors of formation of postinfarct chronic heart failure syndrome. An original mathematical formula for CHF risk estimation, including routine indices of MI patients, has been proposed. The approach allows personalized management of selected cohorts of patients – with increased and standard risk of postinfarction CHF.

Aim of the study was to analyze the course and outcomes of a new coronavirus infection depending on the level of high-density lipoproteins in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical histories of 208 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19 was carried out. Depending on the level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 – patients with «low» HDL < 0.83 mmol/l, group 2 – patients with «high» HDL ≥ 0.83 mmol/l. The relationship between HDL levels measured at the beginning of hospitalization and the severity of the course and outcomes of coronavirus infection was evaluated. The primary endpoint was nosocomial death, secondary points: the development of complications of coronavirus infection, the duration of hospitalization, the duration of fever, the duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Results. In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, lipid profile disorders were observed in the form of a decrease in HDL (<1.0 mmol/l) in 62 % of cases. A «low» HDL level (<0.83 mmol/l) was associated with a more unfavorable course of coronavirus infection in the hospital in the form of a larger volume of lung damage both at admission and at discharge (40 % [32; 54] vs. 32 % [24; 40], p < 0.001 and 40 % [28; 52] vs. 32 % [28; 44] p = 0.018, respectively), the development of complications such as «cytokine storm» (17 % vs. 22 %, p = 0.03), acute kidney injury (10 % vs. 16 %, p = 0.007). When analyzing secondary points, it was found that in patients of group 1 («low» HDL level), in comparison with patients of group 2 («high» level) the fever period was longer (10 [7; 12] days vs. 8.5 [7; 10] days, p = 0.04), the period of stay in the ICU (0 [0; 1] days vs. 0 [0; 0] days, p = 0.03) and the duration of hospitalization was longer (9 [7; 12] days vs. 8,6 [7; 12] days, p < 0.001).The primary endpoint – hospital mortality was statistically significantly higher in patients with initially reduced HDL levels (<0.83 mmol/l) (13 % vs. 8 %, p = 0.013).

Conclusions. In hospitalized patients, the level of HDL <0.83 mmol/l at the beginning of hospitalization was associated with a more severe course of coronavirus infection in the subsequent and an increase in hospital mortality.

The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for ischemic events in residents of Kemerovo and Kemerovo region at 3-year follow-up.

Material and methods. The study included participants (n = 638, ages 35 to 70 years), permanently residing in Kemerovo or the Kemerovo region of the prospective epidemiological study conducted at the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases from 2015 to 2020. The exclusion criteria were prior myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris and/or diagnosed peripheral artery disease. The main socio-economic and behavioral characteristic and health status of participants were determined by means of questionnaire, data of some participants were collected from medical records (case history, patient discharge summary, results of laboratory and instrumental examinations). Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to capture an individual`s usual food consumption. International Questionnaire on Physical Activity was used to measure health-related physical activity of participants. Data regarding the end points (all-cause death or death due to cardiovascular events, de novo angina, MI, stroke) were collected at 3-year follow-up.

Results. Out of 638 participants, death was reported for 22 cases (of which 4 deaths were due to cardiovascular events), 6 developed non-fatal MI, 45 had de novo angina, and 12 had a non-fatal stroke at 3-year follow-up. A composite endpoint (CE) developed in 80 study participants during 3 years of follow-up. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between CE and the following factors: obesity at the beginning of the study (odds ratio (OR) 2.09, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 1.03–4.26) (an adjusted OR (AOR) 2.17, 95 % CI 1.06–4.44)), regular (at least once a month) alcohol consumption at the time of the survey (OR 2.33, 95 % CI 1.23–4.42 (AOR 2.29, 95 % CI 1.21–4.34)), participants stating that they have been thinking about death during previous month (OR 3.22, 95 % CI 1.54–6.76 (AOR 3.74, 95 % CI 1.73–8.07)). The following factors had the weakest association with the risk of ischemic events at 3-year follow-up: disability due to injury and occupational diseases (OR 0.19, 95 % CI 0.07–0.51 (AOR 0.21 (0.08–0.57)), taking medication for a month (OR 0.37, 95 % CI 0.17–0.81 (AOR 0.36, 95 % CI 0.16–0.80)), in particular, antihypertensive drugs (OR 0.43, 95 % CI 0.22–0.81 (AOR 0.43,

95 % CI 0.22–0.82)) and lipid-lowering drugs as a part of primary prevention (OR 0.33, 95 % CI 0.15–0.70 (AOR 0.33, 95 % CI 0.15–0.73)). Moreover, low physical activity associated with the use of transport in daily travels (car, bicycle) proved to be conditionally protective in relation to CE (OR 0.48, 95 % CI 0.25–0.94) (AOR 0.49, 95 % CI 0.25–0.96)).

Conclusions. The identification of a number of significant «non-conventional» risk factors for development of ischemic events in residents of Kemerovo and Kemerovo region without prior atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases at 3-year follow-up allows to consider them as additional modifiable risk factors within the framework of primary prevention.

The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of myocardial function indicators in overweight patients at different stages of rehabilitation after coronary revascularization.

Material and methods. This article presents the interim results of prospective study which was conducted at the Tulpar cardiorehabilitation center (Karaganda, Kazakhstan). The study included 135 patients after restoration of blood flow in the coronary arteries (coronary artery bypass grafting, stenting). The average age was 58 ± 6 years. Exclusion criteria: acute myocardial infarction; chronic heart failure, functional class III–IV; acute disorders of cerebral circulation; diabetes mellitus in a state of decompensation; obesity I–III degree. We observed patients in dynamics at three stages of rehabilitation. 41 patients were included in the study at the first stage, 43 – at the second stage and 51 – at the third stage. Patients were included from different stages of rehabilitation. The groups were comparable in terms of the parameters of the structural and functional state of the myocardium, the same age range.

Results. Considering the size of the interventricular septum, the posterior wall of the left ventricle, the relative thickness of the myocardium and the myocardial mass index, it can be noted that statistically significant hypertrophy of the left ventricle was observed in all observation periods (p < 0.05).

Conclusions. In overweight patients who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery, persistent changes in the myocardium remain at the 3rd stage of rehabilitation

The aim of the study was to provide a population assessment of cognitive impairment patterns in a representative sample of 25–44 year old men and women living in Western Siberia with metabolic syndrome (MS). The aim of the study is to study the features of the interrelationships of conventional and nonconventional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (RF CVD), molecular genetic markers with the state of cognitive functions (CF), objective–subjective index of CF in an open population in persons aged 14–17, 25–44 years (Novosibirsk).

Material and methods: A singlestage population survey of a random representative sample of 25–44 year olds of both sexes (1503 people) permanently residing in Western Siberia (Novosibirsk) was performed. The study of the state of cognitive functions was conducted in 1009 people: 463 men (45.9 %) and 546 women (54.1 %). The object of the study was random representative samples of the population of Novosibirsk, formed during the screenings of the NIITPM branch of the ICIG SB RAS. The paper uses materials from a one-stage population survey of adolescents (screenings 2009–2010 and 2019) and persons aged 25–44 years (screening 2013–2016). According to the methods standardized during the screening, the following were performed: a 10-word memorization test, a proof-reading test, and a concept exclusion test. Anthropometric measurements were carried out. Determination of the levels of lipid fractions was carried out according to standardized methods. Genotyping of rs2464196 HNF1A and rs11212617 ATM was carried out using real-time PCR.

Results. In the examined samples of Novosibirsk residents aged 14–17 and 25–44 years, statistically significant negative associations of RF CVD with neurodynamic CF were observed. Proatherogenic conventional RF CVD had a negative impact on attention and thinking patterns (among the most significant were the content of total cholesterol (odds ratio (OR) 0.996; 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 0.993–1,000; p = 0.043), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 0.994; 95 % CI 0.990–0.998; p = 0.002)). The factors reducing the risk of deterioration of CF in 25–44 year olds were the presence of higher education (OR 2,350; 95 % CI 1,442–3,828; p = 0.001), female (OR 2,068; 95 % CI 1,552–2,754; p < 0.0001). In the cohort analysis, it was revealed that the studied conventional RF CVD undergo statistically significant changes in the direction of their increase during adulthood over the past 5 years (p < 0.05). It was shown that metabolic syndrome (MS) occurred in every fourth person tested for CF (26.06 %), while the values of cognitive tests were higher in people without MS compared to those who were diagnosed with MS (p < 0,05). Smoking had a negative effect on the memory pattern, causing a deterioration in the memorization of words (OR 1,071; 95 % CI 1,012–1,133); (p = 0.017). The deterioration of memory, attention and thinking patterns in the presence of workplace stress and low professional status, – important unconventional RF CVD, – has been established (p < 0.05)).

Conclusion. In the open population of adolescents and young people (25–44 years old), a statistically significant deterioration of cognitive patterns was found in the presence of the studied conventional and non-conventional RF CVD.

This review presents the results of investigations in the field of studying the association of adipokines secreted by visceral adipocytes and the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In relation to this association, such adipokines as adiponectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), resistin, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), monocyte-chemoattractant protein type 1 (MCP-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), visfatin, omentin-1, and the pancreatic hormone insulin were analyzed. The results of studies that have studied the pathogenetic (in animal models) and clinical role of this association in humans are presented. Information on the topic from the publications of the PubMed, Google Scholar databases was used. 

Currently, in the structure of liver pathology, the leading position is occupied by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ahead of viral hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease. The previous concept of NAFLD as a harmless disease has undergone significant changes. In the modern understanding, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a progressive disease with a high risk of developing fibrosis, cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. The number of liver transplants in patients with cirrhosis as a result of NAFLD is steadily increasing and ranks second after cirrhosis of the liver of viral etiology. Nevertheless, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is still considered a «diagnosis of exclusion» due to the lack of specific diagnostic criteria, and the term itself has been criticized since it focuses only on the absence of alcohol’s contribution to the development of the disease. For this reason, an international expert consensus statement was published in 2020, proposing a new concept – metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), highlighting the leading role of nutritional metabolic predictors in the development of disease. We performed a systematic review to summarize the clinical nutritional aspects of MAFLD. The authors discuss the fundamental clinical and functional, nutritional, metabolic, hormonal, microbiotic factors of the pathological process that determine the course and prognosis of the disease. Information on the topic was used from publications based on the disserCat, PubMed, and eLibrary databases.