Патологические изменения сетчатки глаза при сердечно-сосудистых заболеваниях и сахарном диабете

Цель. В работе анализируются данные современной литературы (опубликованные с 2005 по 2020 г.) о поражении сетчатки при сердечно-сосудистых заболеваниях (ССЗ) и сахарном диабете. Повреждения сосудистого русла сетчатки и зрительного нерва в современном мире представляют актуальную проблему ввиду существенной распространенности, тяжести необратимых повреждений сетчатки, приводящих к инвалидизации, и в связи с коморбидностью с ССЗ.

Методы. Выполнен поиск исследований по тематике работы с 2005 по 2020 г. Использовались электронные базы данных Академии Google (https://scholar.google.ru/), PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), eLIBRARY.ru (https://www.elibrary.ru/) и зарубежных и отечественных журналов, посвященных кардиологии, терапии и офтальмологии.

Результаты. Анализ литературы показал, что атеросклеротическое поражение микрососудистого русла сетчатки является достоверным фактором риска острого коронарного синдрома, инфаркта миокарда и мозгового инсульта (МИ). Однако вопрос о тождественности атеросклеротических процессов, протекающих в сосудистом русле сетчатки и в периферических артериях, остается открытым. Гипертензивная ретинопатия (ГР) имеет убедительную связь с МИ, хронической сердечной недостаточностью (ХСН) и смертностью от ишемической болезни сердца (ИБС), подтвержденную в крупных популяционных исследованиях ARIC и Rotterdam Study. Дискутабельным остается вопрос о прогностической значимости ГР в зависимости от ее степени. Имеются последовательные данные о связи ГР с ИБС и ХСН. Диабетическая ретинопатия (ДР) является нейроваскулярным осложнением сахарного диабета. В преимущественно клинических работах представлены свидетельства значения ДР как маркера риска МИ, диабетической периферической нейропатии, кардиальной автономной нейропатии, утолщения комплекса «интима–медия» каротидных артерий, микроальбуминурии. Ряд других крупных клинических работ не показал достоверной ассоциации ДР с МИ. Существенным недостатком изучения связи ДР с ССЗ является дефицит популяционных исследований по данной тематике.

Заключение. Несмотря на современные методы диагностики и достаточно большое количество исследований сосудистого русла глаза и сетчатки, сведения об их связи с ССЗ остаются недостаточными и противоречивыми, что обусловлено ограниченным объемом выборок, вариабельностью оценок и сложностью патогенеза атеросклероза и ССЗ. Исследование ассоциаций ССЗ с патологией сетчатки в российской популяции с применением автоматических систем оценок микрососудистого русла предоставляет уникальную возможность преодоления ряда противоречивых аспектов и получения новых данных.

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