The elastic properties of arteries and atherosclerosis
Abstract
In epidemiologic and clinical studies the close relationship between the stiffening of vascular wall in large arteries and atherosclerosis and its risk factors including hypertension, age, diabetes, gender, obesity, dyslipidemia and other was revealed. The main purpose of this review is to show the importance of alteration elastics properties of artery for atherogenesis. Furthermore, this review shows the structure of vascular wall and functional properties of large arteries as well as summarizes the methods and indices used to estimate arterial stiffness.
About the Authors
Yu. P. NikitinRussian Federation
SB RAMS
Institute of Internal Medicine
Novosibirsk
I. V. Lapitskaya
Russian Federation
SB RAMS
Institute of Internal Medicine
Novosibirsk
References
1. Шмидт Р. Физиология человека / Р. Шмидт. – М.: Мир, 1996. – 3: 499-566.
2. O’Rourke M. F. Arterial function in health and disease. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, 1982.
3. London G. M., Guerin A. P. Influence of arterial pulse and reflected waves on blood pressure and cardiac function. Am. Heart. J. 1999; 138: S. 220-S. 224.
4. Педли Т. Гидродинамика крупных кровеносных сосудов / Т. Педли; Пер. с англ. – М.: Мир, 1983; 400.
5. Panza J. A., Quyyumi A. A., Brush J. E. Jr. et al. Ab-normal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N. Eng. J. Med. 1990; 323: 22-7.
6. Ross R. The pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990 s. Nature, 1993; 362: 801 -9.
7. Gibbons G. H., Dzau V. J. The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 330: 1431-38.
8. Конради Г. П. Регуляция сосудистого тонуса / Г. П. Конради. – Л.: Наука, 1973; 38-168.
9. Волобуев А. Н. Биофизика / А. Н. Волобуев. – М., 1999. – 16-17.
10. Крюков Н. Н. Изменение функций локальных гемодинамических регуляторных систем в генезе изолированной систолической гипертонии / Н. Н. Крюков, А. Н. Волобуев, П. И. Романчук // Кардиология. – 1998. – 7: 76-78.
11. Miyashita H., Shimada K. Reduced arterial compliance with advancing age. Nippon Rinsho. 2005; 63: 959-68.
12. Виноградов Т. С. Инструментальные методы исследования сердечно-сосудистой системы / Т. С. Виноградов. – М.: Медицина, 1986. – 299-372.
13. Van Bortel L. M., Dupres D., Starmans-Kool M. J.,Safar M. E. et al. Clinical application of arterial stiffeness, Task Forse III: recommendations for user procedures. Am. J. Hypertens. 2002; 15: 445-452.
14. Asmar R., Benetos A., Topouchian J. et al. Assessment of arterial distensibility by automatic pulse wave velocity measurement. Validation and clinical application studies. Hypertension. 1995; 26: 485-490.
15. O’Rourke M. F., Staessen J. A, Vlachopoulos C. et al. Clinical applications of arterial stiffness; definitions and reference values. Am. J. Hypertens. 2002; 15: 426 –444.
16. Lehmann E. D. Terminology for the definition of arterial elastic properties. Path. Biol. 1999; 6: 656-664.
17. Staessen J. A., Asmar R., De Buyzere M. Task Force II: blood pressure measurement and cardiovascular outcome. Blood. Press Monit. 2001; 6: 355-70.
18. Boutouyrie P., Tropeano A. I., Asmar R. et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients, a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002; 39: 10–15.
19. Syeda B., Gottsauner-Wolf M., Denk S. et al. Arterial Compliance: A diagnostic marker for atherosclerotic plaque burden? Am. J. Hypertens. 2003; 16: 356 –362.
20. Filipovsky J., Ticha M., Cifkova R. et al. Large artery stiffness and pulse wave reflection: results of a population-based study. Blood Press. 2005; 14: 45-52.
21. Takazawa K. Augmentation index in heart disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 2005; 18: 15 S-18 S.
22. Stock P., Ziefeldt L., Paul M. et al. Local rennin-an-giotensin system in cardiovascular tissues: localization and functional role. Cardiology. 1995; 86: 2-8.
23. Daemen M. J.A. P., Lombardi D. M., Bosman F. T., Schwartz S. M. Angiotensin II induces smooth muscle cell proliferation in the normal and injured rat arterial wall. Circulat Res. 1991; 68: 450-456.
24. Hiroshi K., Hiromichi S., Shinge T. et al. Angiotensin II stimulates collagen synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cell. J. Hypertens. 1991; 9: 17-22.
25. Bonithon-Kopp C., Ducimetiere P., Touboul P. et al. Plasma angiotensin – converting enzyme activity and carotid wall thick thickening. Circulation. 1994; 89: 952-954.
26. Aggoun Y., Szezepanski I., Bonnet D. Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events in children. Pediatr Res. 2005; 58: 173-8.
27. Врублевский А. В. Морфо-функциональные нарушения грудной аорты при атеросклерозе: мультиплановое чреспищеводное ультразвуковое исследование / А. В. Врублевский, А. А. Бощенко, Р. С. Карпов // Кардиология. – 2001. – 12: 44-49.
28. Budoff M. J., Flores F., Tsai J., Frandsen T., Yamamoto H., Takasu J. Measures of brachial artery distensibility in relation to coronary calcification. Am. J. Hypertens. 2003; 16: 350–355.
29. Asmar R. Pulse wave velocity: Principles and measurement, in Asmar R (ed): Arterial stiffness and pulse wave velocity. Clinical Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam-Lausanne-New York-Oxford-Paris- Shannon-Tokyo, 1999, p. 37–55.
30. Cortez-Cooper M. Y., Supak J. A., Tanaka H. A new screening device for automatic measurements of arterial stiffness and ankle-brachial index. Am. J. Hy per tens. 2003; 16: A 138.
31. Gosse P., Taillard J., Constans J. Evolution of ambulatory measurement of blood pressure and parameters of arterial stiffness over a 1-year period in patients with systemic sclerosis: ERAMS study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2002; 16: 627-30.
32. Constans J., Gosse P., Pellegrin J.L. et al. Alteration of arterial distensibility in systemic sclerosis. J. Intern Med. 1997; 241: 115-8.
33. Blacher J., Asmar R., Djane S. et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1999; 33: 1111-1117.
34. Blacher J., Guerin A. P. et al. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 1999; 99: 2434-2439.
35. Nemes A., Forster T., Gruber N. et al. Coronary flow reserve and indices of aortic distensibility in patients with different grade of aortic atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cadiol. 2003; 425 A.
36. Hickler R. B. Aortic and large artery stiffness: current methodology and clinical correlations. Clin. Cardiol. 1990; 13: 317-322.
37. Jeremias A., Spies C., Herity N. A. et al. Coronary artery distensibility and compensatory vessel enlargement – a novel parameter influencing vascular remodeling? Basic Research in Cardiology. 2001; 96: 506-512.
38. Kingwell B. A., Waddell T. K., Medley T. L. et al. Large artery stiffness predicts ischemic threshold in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 40: 773-779.
39. Stefanadis C., Stratos C., Boudoulas H. et al. Distensi bility of the ascending aorta: comparison of invasive and non- invasive techniques in healthy men and in men with coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart. J. 1990; 11: 990 –996.
40. Ouchi Y., Terashita K., Nakamura T. et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity in patients with coronary atherosclerosis – a comparison with coronary angiographic findings. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 1991; 28: 40-5.
41. Davis W. W., Virgil Brown W., Herrington D. et al. Corre lation of peripheral arterial compliance and Framingham coronary heart disease risk evaluation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 43: 262.
42. Takeuchi K., Zhang B., Ideishi M. et al. Influence of age and hypertension on the association between small artery compliance and coronary artery disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 2004; 17: 1188-91.
43. Megnien J. L., Simon A., Denarie N. et al. Aortic stiffening does not predict coronary and extracoronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic men at risk factor csrdivascular disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 1998; 11: 293-301.
44. Neil-Dwyer G., Bartlett J. R., Nicholls A. C. et al. Col lagen deficiency and ruptured cerebral aneurysms. A clinical and biochemical study. J. Neurosurg. 1983; 59: 16-20.
45. Neil-Dwyer G., Child A. H., Dorrance D. E. et al. Aortic compliance in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Lancet. 1983; 23: 939-40.
46. Adamson J., Humphries S. E., Ostergaard J. R. et al. Are cerebral aneurysms atherosclerotic? Stroke. 1994; 25: 963-6.
47. Laurent S., Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness and stroke in hypertension : therapeutic implications for stroke prevention. CNS Drugs. 2005; 19: 1-11.
48. Sugloka K., Sciacca R. R., Hozumi T. et al. Impact of aortic stiffness on the risk of ischemic stroke in elder patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39: 196.
49. Blacher J., Djane S., Asmar R., Safar M. Determinants de la rigidite arterielle chez le sujet age. Arch. Mal. Coeur. 1997; 90: 35.
50. Kals J., Kampus P., Kals M., Pulges A., Teesalu R., Zilmer M. Effects of stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis on large artery stiffness in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis. 2005.
51. Safar M. E., Laurent S., Asmar R. G., London G. M. Systolic hypertension in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. Angiology. 1987; 38: 287-95.
52. Хаютин В. М. Патогенез гипертонической болезни: защитная роль механочувствительности эндотелия / В. М. Хаютин. – Санкт-Петербург, 1995. –104-105.
53. Nichols W. W. Clinical measurement of arterial stiffness obtained from noninvasive pressure waveforms. Am. J. Hypertens 2005;18: 3-10.
54. Шляхто Е. В. Клеточные аспекты ремоделирования при артериальной гипертензии / Е. В. Шляхто, О. М. Моисеева //Артериальная гипертензия. – 2002. – 8: 2: 45-45.
55. Struijcer Boudier H. A. J. Microcirculation in hypertension. Eur Heart. J. 1999; 1: 32-37.
56. Флоря В. Г. Ремоделирование сосудов как патогенетический компонент заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы / В. Г. Флоря, Ю. Н. Беленков // Кардиология. – 1996. – 12: 72-78.
57. Laurent S., Caviezel B., Beck L. et al. Carotid artery distensibility and distending pressure in hypertensive humans. Hypertension. 1994; 23: 878–883.
58. Blacher J., London G. M., Safar M. E., Mourad J. J. Influence of age and end-stage renal disease on the stiffness of carotid wall material in hypertension. J. Hypertens. 1999; 17: 237–244.
59. Mourad J. J., Ducailar G., Rudnichi A. et al. Age-related increase of pulse pressure and gene polymor-phisms in essential hypertension: a preliminary study. JRAAS. 2002; 3: 109 –115.
60. Smulyan H., Asmar R. G., Rudnichi A., London G. M., Safar M. E. Comparative effects of aging in men and women on the properties of the arterial tree. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1374 –1380.
61. London G. M. Large artery function and alteration in hypertension. J. Hypertens. 1995; 13: 3508.
62. Beltran, McVeigh G., Morgan D. et al. Arterial compliance abnormalities in isolated systolic hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2001; 14: 1007-1011.
63. Кобалава Ж. Д. Изменение подходов к клинической оценке систолического артериального давления. Возможности коррекции с помощью блокаторов ангиотензина II / Ж. Д. Кобалева // Рус. мед. журн. – 2001. –1.
64. Benetos A., Rudnichi A., Safar M., Guize L. Pulse pressure and cardiovascular mortality in normotensive and hypertension. Hypertension. 1998; 35: 560 –564.
65. Chesney C., Van De Veire N., Finckelstein S. et al. The carotid artery intima-media thickness is related to the distal arterial compliance but not to the proximal arterial compliance. Am. J. Hypertens. 1998; 11: 188 A.
66. Lekakis J. P., Zakopoulos N. A., Protogerou A. D. et al. Arterial stiffness assessed by pulse wave analysis in essential hypertension: relation to 24-h blood pressure profile. Int. J. Cardiol. 2005; 102: 391-5.
67. Resnick L. M., Militianu D., Cunning A. J. et al. Direct magnetic resonance determination of aortic distensibility in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1997; 30: 645-659.
68. Ormezzano O., Baguet J.-P., Francois P. et al. Is increased arterial stiffness the main cardiovascular abnormality in patients with ‘’white coat normotension’’? Am. J. Hypertens. 2003; 16: A 144.
69. Soma J., Aakhus S., Dahl K. et al. Hemodynamics in white coat hypertension compared to ambulatory hypertension and normotension. Am. J. Hypertens. 1996; 9: 1090-8.
70. Vitols A. Arterial stiffness and gradient of blood pressure at essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2001; 14: A 120.
71. Ceballos-Atienza R., Gil-Extremera B., Hoyo Rodrguez F. J., M. S. Sanchez Munoz. Essential hypertension and arterial wall stiffness. Am. J. Hypertens. 2000; 13: S 200-S 201.
72. Laurent S. Arterial wall hypertrophy and stiffness in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1995; 26: 355-62.
73. Чумаченко П. В. Ангиотензинпревращающий фермент в моноцитах / макрофагах сосудистой стенки / П. В. Чумаченко, Т. Г. Ходакова, С. М. Данилов // Кардиология. – 1998. – 8: 51-54.
74. Armentano R., Simon A., Levenson J. et al. Mechanical pressure versus intrinsic effects of hypertension on large arteries in humans. Hypertension.1995; 26: 485-90.
75. Isnard R. N., Pannier B. M., Laurent S., London G. M. Pulsatile diameter and elastic modulus of the aortic arch in essential hypertension: a noninvasive study. J Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1989; 13: 399-405.
76. Mitchell G. F., Lacourciere Y., Ouellet J.-P. et al. Conduit vessel stiffness is increased in central but not peripheral conduit arteries in adults with essential hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39: 215 А.
77. Arnett D. K., Boland L. L., Evans G. W. et al. Hypertension and arterial stiffness: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am. J. Hypertens. 2000; 13: 317-323.
78. Prisant L. M., Resnick L. M., Hollenberg S. M. Arterial elasticity among normotensive subjects and treated and untreated hypertensive subjects. Am. J. Hypertens. 2001; 14: 120 A.
79. Lacy P. S., O’Brien D. G., Stanley A. G. et al. Radial artery pulse wave analysis demonstrates increased vascular stiffness in hypertensive but not diabetic patients. Am. J. Hypertens. 2002; 15: A 66-A 67.
80. Zimmermann A., VanAuker M. D., Zakari A. et al. Loss of oscillatory arterial compliance is detectable in young patients by radial artery pulse contour analysis. Am. J. Hypertens. 2000; 13: S 196.
81. Тодуа Ф. И. Влияние ряда атерогенных факторов риска на состояние комплекса интима – медия общей сонной артерии / Ф. И. Тодуа [и др.] // Кардиология. – 2003. –3: 50-53.
82. Radchenko G. D., Sirenko Y. N. Systemic arterial compliance in patients with high and low renin essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2002; 15: A 64.
83. Radchenko G. D., Sirenko Y. N. Systemic arterial compliance in patients with high and low renin essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2002; 15: 64 A.
84. Asmar R. G., Brunel P. C., Pannier B. M., Lacolley P. J., Safar M. E. Arterial distensibility and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in essential hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 1988; 61: 1066-70.
85. Carmona J., Amado P., Vasconcelos N. et al. Relationship between vascular distensibility and risk factors in an elderly untreated hypertensive population. Am. J. Cardiol. 2002; 15: 69 А.
86. Рипп Т. М. Связь изменений вазодилятаторной функции эндотелия, структуры сосудов и сердца с нарушением суточного профиля артериального давления / Т. М. Рипп, В. Ф. Мордовин, С. Е. Пекарский // Кардиология. – 2003. – 1: 36-39.
87. Purcell H. L., Gibbs S. R., Coats A. J. S., Fox K. M. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and circadian variation of cardiovascular disease; clinical and research applications. Int. J. Cardiol. 1992; 36: 135-149.
88. Palmieri V., Bella J. N., Roman M. J. et al. Arterial stiffness and left ventricular geometry and function in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39: 238.
89. Grandi A. M., Imperiale D., Santillo R. et al. Aortic stiffness in never-treated hypertensives: lack of relation with myocardial hypertrophy and impaired left vent ricular relaxation. A. J. Hypertens. 2000; 13: S 203-S 204.
90. Kumaran K., Fall C. H. D., Martyn C. N. et al. Left ventricular mass and arterial compliance: relation to coronary heart disease and its risk factors in South Indian adults. Rosie Shier Intern. J. Cardiol. 2002; 83: 1–9.
91. Safar M. E., Laurent S., Asmar R. A. et al. Cardiac hypertrophy and aortic distensibility in essential hypertension. J. Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987; 10: S 86-S 90.
92. Takenaka T., Mimura T., Kanno Y., Suzuki H. Qualification of arterial stiffness as a risk factor to the progression of chronic kidney diseases. Am. J. Nephrol. 2005; 25: 417-424.
93. Guarini P., Tedeschi C., Giordano G., Messina V. Effect of hyperetension on intimal-medial thickness, left ventricular mass and aortic distensibility. Int. Angiol. 1994; 13: 317-322.
94. Kronmal R., Smith V., Manolio T. et al. Carotid artery measures are strongly associated with left ventricular mass in older adults (A Report from the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am. J. Cardiol. 1996; 28: 751-756.
95. Vaudo G., Schillaci G., Verdecchia P. et al. Optimizing assessment of carotid and femoral intima-media thickness in essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2000; 13: 202 A.
96. Gosse P., Jullien V., Jarnier P. et al. J. Reduction in arterial distensibility in hypertensive patients as evaluated by ambulatory measurement of the QKD interval is correlated with concentric remodeling of the left ventricle. Am. J. Hypertens. 1999;12:1252-5.
97. O’Rourke M. F., Adji A. An updated clinical primer on large artery mechanics: implications of pulse waveform analysis and arterial tonometry. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2005; 20: 275-81.
98. Benetos A., Laurent S., Hoeks A. P., Boutouyrie P. H., Safar M. E. Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993; 13: 90–97.
99. Safar M. E., London G. M. The arterial system in human hypertension. In: Textbook of hypertension. Ed. J. D. Swales. London: Blackwell scientific. 1994; 85-102.
100. Resnick L. M., Militianu D., Cunnings A. J. et al. Pulse waveform analysis of arterial compliance: relation to other techniques, age, and metabolic variables. Am. J. Hypertens. 2000; 13: 1243–1249.
101. Ahlgren A. R., Sundkvist G., Wollmer P. et al. T: Increased aortic stiffness in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with diabetes duration and autonomic nerve function. Diabet Med. 1999; 16: 291–297.
102. Giannattasio C., Failla M., Piperno A. et al. Early impairment of large artery structure and function in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1999; 42: 987–994.
103. Ryden-Ahlgren A., Sundkvist G., Wollmer P. et al. Increased aortic stiffness in women with type 1 diabetes duration and autonomic nerve function. Diabet. Med. 1999; 16: 291-7.
104. Ahlgren A. R., Astrand H., Sundkvist G., Lanne T. Increased aortic stiffness is persistent in type 1 diabetic women: a follow-up study. Diabetologia. 2005; 48: 780-3.
105. Tedesco M. A., Di Salvo G., Caputo S. et al. Effects of coexisting hypertension and non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus on arterial distensibility. Am. J. Hypertens. 2001; 14: A 122.
106. Scarpello J. H., Martin T. R., Ward J. D. Ultrasound mea surements of pulse – wave velocity in the peripheral arteries of diabetic subjects. Clin Sci. 1980; 58: 53-71.
107. Rajzer M. W., Klocek M., Kawecka-Jaszcz K. Early renal damage and collagen metabolism determines arterial stiffness in diabetic hypertensives. Am. J. Hypertens. 2003; 16: 145 A.
108. Neutel J. M., Smith D. H. G. Hypertension: where have we gone wrong and how can we fix it? Am. J. Hypertens. 1998; 11: 150 S–157 S.
109. Kearney-Schwartz A., Virion J.-M., Khder Y. et al. Geometry, compliance and distensibility of the radial artery in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Hypertens. 2000; 13: S 193-S 194.
110. Hinoi T., H. Sasaki, C. Ito. Impact of insulin resistance and hyperinsulin response on arterial stiffness. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 41: 309.
111. Mackey R. H., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Vaitkevicius P. V. et al. Correlates of aortic stiffness in elderly individuals: a subgroup of the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am. J. Hypertens. 2002; 15: 16 –23.
112. Franklin S. S., Gustin W., Wong N. D. et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997; 96: 308–315.
113. Najjar S. S., Scuteri A., Lakatta E. G. Arterial aging: is it an immutable cardiovascular risk factor? Hypertension. 2005; 46: 454-62.
114. Джурич Д. Применение тестов реактивности плечевой артерии при оценке дисфункции эндотелия в процессе старения / Д. Джурич [и др.] // Кардиология. – 2000. –11: 24-27.
115. Арабидзе Г. Г. Изолированная систолическая гипертония у пожилых / Г. Г. Арабидзе [и др.] // Тер. арх. – 1996. – 11: 77-82.
116. Newman D. L., Lallemand R. C. The effect of age on the distensibility of the abdominal aorta of men. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1978; 74: 492-497.
117. Lajemi M., Labat C., Gautier S. et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor _153 A/G and 1166 A/C gene polymorphisms and increase in aortic stiffness with age in hypertensive subjects. J. Hypertens. 2001; 19: 407–413.
118. Nagai Y., Fleg J. L., Kemper M. K. et al. Carotid arterial stiffness as a surrogate for aortic stiffness: relation-ship between carotid artery pressure-strain elastic modulus and aortic pulse wave velocity. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1999; 25: 181–188.
119. Гогин Е. Е. Неинвазивная инструментальная диагностика центрального, периферического и мозгового кровообращения при гипертонической болезни / Е. Е. Гогин, В. П. Седов // Тер. арх. – 1999. – 4: 5-10.
120. Nanda N. C., Benza R. L., Kirk K. et al. Is aortic stiffness as measured by pulse wave velocity a predictor of coronary atherosclerosis? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003; 41: 263-264.
121. Mitchell G. F., Benjamin E. J., Kupka M. J et al. Differential changes in central and peripheral conduit vessel stiffness with advancing age in a community-based cohort: the NHLBI framingham heart study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39: 139.
122. Kohara K., Tabara Y., Oshiumi A. et al. Radial augmentation index: a useful and easily obtainable parameter for vascular aging. Am. J. Hypertens. 2005; 18: 11 S-14 S.
123. Van der Heijden-Spek J. J., Staessen J. A., Fagard R. H. et al. Effect of age on brachial artery wall properties differs from the aorta and is gender dependent. A population study. Hypertension. 2000; 35: 637–642.
124. Bulpitt C. J., Cameron J. D., Rajkumar C. et al. The effect of age on vascular compliance in man: which are the appropriate measures? J. Hum. Hypertens. 1999; 13: 753-8.
125. Gosse P., Jullien V., Lemetayer P. et al. Ambulatory measurement of the timing of Korotkoff sounds in a group of normal subjects: influence of age and height. Am. J. Hypertens. 1999; 12: 231-5.
126. London J., Marchais S. J., Marchais A. P. et al. Influence of sex on arterial hemodynamics and blood pressu re. Role of body height. Hypertension. 1995; 26: 514-9.
127. Bhalla R. C., Toth K. F., Bhatty R. A. et al. Estrogen reduces proliferation and agonist-induced calcium increase in coronary artery smooth muscle cell. Am. J. Physiol. 1997; 272: H 1996-2003.
128. Rosselli M., Keller P. J., Kern F. Esradiol ingibits mitogen-indused proliferstion and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells: implification for cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation. 1994; 90: 4: 0461.
129. Manolio T. A., Furberg C. D., Shemanski L. et al. Assosiation ofpostmenopausel estrogen use with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in older women. Circulation. 1993; 88: 2163-2171.
130. Ostberg J. E., Donald A. E., Halcox J. P. et al. Vasculopathy in turner syndrome: arterial dilatation and intimal thickening without endothelial dysfunction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005; 90: 5161-6.
131. Кунцевич Г. И. Измерение модуля Юнга для оценки эластических свойств стенки магистральных артерий шеи и нижних конечностей в В-режиме у больных ИБС / Г. И. Кунцевич [и др.]
132. Sato H., Hayashi J., Harashima K. et al. A population-based study of arterial stiffness index in relation to cardiovascular risk factors. J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 2005; 12: 175-80.
133. Relf I. R. N., Lo C. S., Myers K. A., Wahlquist M. L. Risk factors for changes in aorta–iliac arterial compliance in healthy men. Arteriosclerosis. 1986; 6: 105-8.
134. Lehman E., Hopkins K., Parker J., Gosling R. Hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and coronary heart disease. Lancer. 1995; 345: 862-3.
135. Wu G. R., Ma A. Q., Yan Y., Xi Y. T. Arterial compliance and its influent factors in healthy chinese people. Am J. Hypertens. 2002; 15: 67 A.
136. Lehmann E. D., Watts G. F., Fatemi-Langroudi B. Aortic compliance in young patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin. Sci. 1992; 83: 717-21.
137. Dart A. M. et al. Aortic distensibility in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, or cardiac transplant. Lancet. 1991; 338: 270-3.
138. Pitsavos C., Toutouzas K., Dernellis J. et al. Aortic stiffness in young patients with hrterozigous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am. Heart. J. 1998; 135: 604-608.
139. Matsui Y., Kario K., Ishikawa J. et al. Reproducibility of arterial stiffness indices (pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) simultaneously assessed by automated pulse wave analysis and their associated risk factors in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertens. Res 2004; 27: 851-7.
140. Asmar R., Benetos A., London G. M. et al. Aortic distensibility in normotensive, untreated and treated hypertensive patients. Blood. Pressure. 1995; 4: 48-54.
141. Ferrier K. E., Muhlmann M. H., Baguet J.-P. et al. Intensive cholesterol reduction lowers blood pres sure and large artery stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39: 1020-1025.
142. Nygard O., Nordrehand J. E., Refsum H. et.al. Plasma homocysteine and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337: 230-236.
143. Van den Berg M., Stehower C. D. A., Bierdrager E. et al. Plasma homocysteine and severity of atherosclerosis in young patients with lower-limb atherosclerotic disease. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1996; 16: 165-171/
144. Uel P. M. Homocystein species as components of plasma redox thiol status. Clin. Chem. 1995; 41: 340-342.
145. Tonstad S., Joakimsen O., Stenslandbugge E. et al. Risk factor related to carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in children with familial hyperholesterolemia and control subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc. Biol. 1996; 16: 984-991.
146. Blacher J., Demuth K., Guerin A. P., Safar M. E., Moatti N., London G. Influence of biochemical alte rations on arterial stiffness in patients with endstage renal disease. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1998; 18: 535-541/
147. Smilde T. J., van den Berkmortel F. W., Boers G. H. et al. Carotid and femoral artery wall thickness and stiffness in patients as risk for cardiovascular disease, with special emphasis on hyperhomocysteinemia. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1998; 18: 1958-63.
148. Tsai J. C. et al. Correlation of plasma homocysteine level with arterial stiffness and pulse pressure in he modialysis patients. Atherosclerosis. 2005; 182: 121-7.
149. Stefanadis C., Vlachopoulos C., Tsiamis E., Diamantopoulos L. Unfavorable effects of passive smoking on aortic function in men. Ann. Intern. Med. 1998; 128: 426-434.
150. Kim J. W., Park C. G., Hong S. J. et al. Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on arterial stiffness. Blood Press. 2005; 14: 80-5.
151. Failla M., Grappiolo A., Carugo S. et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on carotid and radial artery distensibility. J. Hypertens. 1997; 15: 1659-1664.
152. McVeigh G. E., Morgan D. J., Finkelstein S. M. et al. Vascular abnormalities associated with long-term cigarette smoking identified by arterial waveform analysis. Am. J. Med. 1997; 102: 227–231.
153. Vlachopoulos C., Kosmopoulou F., Panagiotakos D. et al. Smoking and caffeine have a synergistic detrimental effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004; 44: 1911-7.
154. Wildman R. P., Farhat G. N., Patel A. S. et al. Weight change is associated with change in arterial stiff-ness among healthy young adults. Hypertension. 2005; 45: 187-92.
155. Mitchell G. F., Benjamin E. J., Kupka M. J. et al. Obesity is associated with increased condult vessel stiffness in a community-based cohort: the NHLBI Framingham heart study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39: 268.
156. Resnick L. M., Lester M. H.. Effect of modest weight loss on arterial compliance in essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2001; 14: A 124.
157. Zebekakis P. E., Nawrot T., Thijs L. et all. Obesity is asso ciated with increased arterial stiffness from adolescence until old age. J. Hypertens. 2005; 10: 1839-1846.
Review
For citations:
Nikitin Yu.P., Lapitskaya I.V. The elastic properties of arteries and atherosclerosis. Ateroscleroz. 2005;1(1):3-17. (In Russ.)