aterosklerozАтеросклерозAteroscleroz2078-256X2949-3633НИИТПМ-филиал ИЦиГ СО РАН10.52727/2078-256X-2023-19-1-35-46ateroskleroz-888Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWSИзменения клеток красной крови, связанные с развитием сердечно-сосудистых осложнений, у пациентов с коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19Changes in red blood cells associated with the development of cardiovascular complications in patients with COVID-19 coronavirus infectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-3823КручининаМ. В.KruchininaM. V.

Маргарита Витальевна Кручинина, д-р мед. наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник, зав. лабораторией гастроэнтерологии; профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней

SC: 5881-3315

AID: 155918

630089, г. Новосибирск, ул. Бориса Богаткова, 175/1

630091, г. Новосибирск, Красный просп., 52

Margarita V. Kruchinina, doctor of medical sciences, associate professor, leading scientific researcher, head of laboratory of gastroenterology; professor of the department of propaedeutics of internal diseases

175/1, Boris Bogatkov str., Novosibirsk, 630089

52, Krasny av., Novosibirsk, 630091

kruchmargo@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-4192ГромовА. А.GromovA. A.

Андрей Александрович Громов, канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клинических биохимических и гормональных исследований терапевтических заболеваний, руководитель Центра профилактики тромбозов

630089, г. Новосибирск, ул. Бориса Богаткова, 175/1

Andrey A. Gromov, candidate of medical sciences, senior researcher, laboratory of clinical biochemical and hormonal studies of therapeutic diseases, head of the center, clinical laboratory diagnostics doctor, Center for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis, Center for Medical Prevention

175/1, Boris Bogatkov str., Novosibirsk, 630089

gromov.center@rambler.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1348-0253ЛогвиненкоИ. И.LogvinenkoI. I.

Ирина Ивановна Логвиненко, д-р мед. наук, проф., зам. руководителя; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории профилактической медицины, профессор кафедры неотложной терапии с эндокринологией и профпатологией

630089, г. Новосибирск, ул. Бориса Богаткова, 175/1

630091, г. Новосибирск, Красный просп., 52

Irina I. Logvinenko, doctor of medical sciences, deputy head of the, leading researcher of the laboratory of preventive medicine; professor of the department of emergency therapy with endocrinology and occupational pathology

175/1, Boris Bogatkov str., Novosibirsk, 630089

52, Krasny av., Novosibirsk, 630091

111157@mail.ruКручининаЭ. В.KruchininaE. V.

Элина Владимировна Кручинина, ординатор

630091, г. Новосибирск, Красный просп., 52

Elina V. Kruchinina, resident

52, Krasny av., Novosibirsk, 630091

elinakruch@yandex.ruНаучно-исследовательский институт терапии и профилактической медицины – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияResearch Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State Medical UniversityRussian FederationНаучно-исследовательский институт терапии и профилактической медицины – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»РоссияResearch Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияNovosibirsk State Medical UniversityRussian Federation2023040420231913546Copyright © Кручинина М.В., Громов А.А., Логвиненко И.И., Кручинина Э.В., 20232023Кручинина М.В., Громов А.А., Логвиненко И.И., Кручинина Э.В.Kruchinina M.V., Gromov A.A., Logvinenko I.I., Kruchinina E.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ateroskleroz.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/888

Цель обзора – осветить наиболее значимые изменения параметров клеток красной крови, связанные с развитием тромбозов, у пациентов с коронавирусной инфекцией. Проведен поиск с использованием ключевых слов в базах данных Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed по литературным источникам последних трех лет об изменениях показателей эритроцитов, ассоциированных с тромбозом на фоне инфекции COVID-19. Представлена информация об основных сдвигах показателей красной крови при инфицировании SARS-CoV-2, связанных с развитием тромбозов: прикрепление вируса и амплификация вирусных белков в клетках-предшественниках эритропоэза; активация стрессового эритропоэза с увеличением доли ядерных эритроцитарных клеток до 45 %; активация процессов окисления белка полосы 3 с его избыточным расщеплением, окисление и расщепление альфа-цепи спектрина, анкирина; изменения липидной архитектуры мембраны и снижение антиоксидантной активности эритроцита, что опосредуют нарушения деформируемости клеток и нарушение выcвобождения АТФ; уменьшение способности эритроцитов секретировать оксид азота; снижение уровня сфинголипидов эритроцитарной мембраны; избыточная продукция микровезикул с тканевым фактором; нарастание ригидности эритроцитов с нарушением высвобождения внутриэритроцитарного оксида азота вследствие атаки вирусом SARS-CoV-2 1-бета-цепи гемоглобина с захватом порфирина с потенциальным ингибированием гема; увеличение экспрессии на поверхности эритроцитов активированных компонентов комплемента C3b и C4d, иммуноглобулина IgG, что ухудшает деформируемость клеток; прикрепление эритроцитов через Толл-подобный рецептор 9 к нейтрофильным внеклеточным ловушкам, что способствует тромбообразованию; повышенная презентация фосфатидилхолина на мембранах эритроцитов, облегчающая сборку теназного и протромбиназного комплексов и способствующая выработке тромбина, увеличение уровня внутриклеточного кальция со стимуляцией образования микровезикул с протромботическим потенциалом; активация окислительного стресса в эритроцитах в условиях гипоксии с генерацией активных форм кислорода, аутоокислением гемоглобина. Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют об активной роли эритроцитов в развитии внутрисосудистых нарушений и нарушений микроциркуляции с риском развития сердечно-сосудистых осложнений у пациентов с COVID-19. Вероятно, участие эритроцитов обусловливает формирование системной гипоксии у данных больных. Детальное изучение выявленных сдвигов дает возможность определить новые мишени для терапии и улучшения прогноза пациентов с COVID-19.

The purpose of the review is to highlight the most significant changes in the parameters of red blood cells associated with the development of thrombosis in patients with coronavirus infection. A search was carried out using keywords in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed according to literary sources of the last 3 years on changes in erythrocyte indices associated with thrombosis against the background of COVID-19 infection. Information is presented on the main shifts in red blood indicators during SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with the development of thrombosis: virus attachment and amplification of viral proteins in erythropoiesis progenitor cells; activation of stress erythropoiesis with an increase in nuclear erythrocyte cell content up to 45 %; activation of band 3 protein oxidation with its excessive cleavage, oxidation and cleavage of alpha-chains of spectrin, ankyrin; changes in the lipid architecture of the membrane and a decrease in the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant activity, which mediate violations of cell deformability and impaired release of ATP; a decrease in the ability of erythrocytes to secrete nitric oxide; a decrease in the level of sphingolipids of the erythrocyte membrane; excessive production of microvesicles with tissue factor; an increase in the rigidity of erythrocytes with impaired release of intra-erythrocyte nitric oxide due to an attack by the SARS-CoV-2 virus 1-hemoglobin beta chain and porphyrin capture with potential heme inhibition; an increase in activated complement components C3b and C4d, immunoglobulin IgG expression on erythrocyte surface, which worsens cell deformability; attachment of erythrocytes through Toll-like receptor 9 to neutrophil extracellular traps, which promotes thrombosis; increased presentation of phosphatidylcholine on erythrocyte membranes, which facilitates the assembly of the tenase complex and prothrombinase complex, contributing to the production of thrombin, an increase in intracellular calcium levels with stimulation of the formation of microvesicles with prothrombotic potential; activation of oxidative stress in erythrocytes under conditions of hypoxia with generation of reactive oxygen species, hemoglobin autooxidation. Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the active role of erythrocytes in the development of intravascular disorders and microcirculation disorders with the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with COVID-19. Probably, the involvement of red blood cells causes the development of systemic hypoxia in those patients. A detailed study of the identified shifts makes it possible to identify new targets for therapy and improve the prognosis of patients with COVID-19.

эритроцитывнутрисосудистые нарушениятромбозыCOVID-19erythrocytesintravascular disordersthrombosisCOVID-19Работа выполнена в рамках темы государственного задания «Эпидемиологический мониторинг состояния здоровья населения и изучение молекулярно-генетических и молекулярно-биологических механизмов развития распространенных терапевтических заболеваний в Сибири для совершенствования подходов к их диагностике, профилактике и лечению», рег. № 122031700094-5.The work was carried out within the framework of the topic of the state task “Epidemiological monitoring of the health status of the population and the study of molecular genetic and molecular biological mechanisms of the development of common therapeutic diseases in Siberia to improve approaches to their diagnosis, prevention and treatment”, Reg. No. 122031700094-5.ReferencesWan E.Y.F., Mathur S., Zhang R., Yan V.K.C., Lai F.T.T., Chui C.S.L., Li X., Wong C.K.H., Chan E.W.Y., Yiu K.H., Wong I.C.K. Association of COVID-19 with short- and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a prospective cohort in UK. Biobank. Cardiovasc. Res., 2023; cvac195. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvac195Wan E.Y.F., Mathur S., Zhang R., Yan V.K.C., Lai F.T.T., Chui C.S.L., Li X., Wong C.K.H., Chan E.W.Y., Yiu K.H., Wong I.C.K. Association of COVID-19 with short- and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a prospective cohort in UK. Biobank. Cardiovasc. Res., 2023; cvac195. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvac195Thilagar B., Beidoun M., Rhoades R., Kaatz S. COVID-19 and thrombosis: searching for evidence. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol Educ. Program., 2021; 2021 (1): 621–627. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2021000298Thilagar B., Beidoun M., Rhoades R., Kaatz S. COVID-19 and thrombosis: searching for evidence. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol Educ. Program., 2021; 2021 (1): 621–627. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2021000298Gorog D.A., Storey R.F., Gurbel P.A., Tantry U.S., Berger J.S., Chan M.Y., Duerschmied D., Smyth S.S., Parker W.A.E., Ajjan R.A., Vilahur G., Badimon L., Berg J.M.T., Cate H.T., Peyvandi F., Wang T.T., Becker R.C. Current and novel biomarkers of thrombotic risk in COVID-19: a Consensus Statement from the International COVID-19 Thrombosis Biomarkers Colloquium. Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 2022; 19 (7): 475– 495. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00665-7Gorog D.A., Storey R.F., Gurbel P.A., Tantry U.S., Berger J.S., Chan M.Y., Duerschmied D., Smyth S.S., Parker W.A.E., Ajjan R.A., Vilahur G., Badimon L., Berg J.M.T., Cate H.T., Peyvandi F., Wang T.T., Becker R.C. Current and novel biomarkers of thrombotic risk in COVID-19: a Consensus Statement from the International COVID-19 Thrombosis Biomarkers Colloquium. Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 2022; 19 (7): 475– 495. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00665-7Tan B.K., Mainbourg S., Friggeri A., Bertoletti L., Douplat M., Dargaud Y., Grange C., Lobbes H., Provencher S., Lega J.C. Arterial and venous thromboembolism in COVID-19: a study-level meta-analysis. Thorax., 2021; 76 (10): 970–979. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215383Tan B.K., Mainbourg S., Friggeri A., Bertoletti L., Douplat M., Dargaud Y., Grange C., Lobbes H., Provencher S., Lega J.C. Arterial and venous thromboembolism in COVID-19: a study-level meta-analysis. Thorax., 2021; 76 (10): 970–979. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215383Jiménez D., García-Sanchez A., Rali P., Muriel A., Bikdeli B., Ruiz-Artacho P., le Mao R., Rodríguez C., Hunt B.J., Monreal M. Incidence of VTE and Bleeding Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. Chest., 2021; 159 (3): 1182–1196. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.005Jiménez D., García-Sanchez A., Rali P., Muriel A., Bikdeli B., Ruiz-Artacho P., le Mao R., Rodríguez C., Hunt B.J., Monreal M. Incidence of VTE and Bleeding Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. Chest., 2021; 159 (3): 1182–1196. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.005Guan W., Ni Z., Hu Yu., Liang W., Ou C., He J., Liu L., Shan H., Lei C., Hui D.S.C., Du B., Li L., Zeng G., Yuen K.-Y., Chen R., Tang C., Wang T., Chen P., Xiang J., Li S., Wang J.-L., Liang Z., Peng Y., Wei L., Liu Y., Hu Y.-H., Peng P., Wang J.-M., Liu J., Chen Z., Li G., Zheng Z., Qiu S., Luo J., Ye C., Zhu S., Zhong N. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020; 382 (18): 1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032Guan W., Ni Z., Hu Yu., Liang W., Ou C., He J., Liu L., Shan H., Lei C., Hui D.S.C., Du B., Li L., Zeng G., Yuen K.-Y., Chen R., Tang C., Wang T., Chen P., Xiang J., Li S., Wang J.-L., Liang Z., Peng Y., Wei L., Liu Y., Hu Y.-H., Peng P., Wang J.-M., Liu J., Chen Z., Li G., Zheng Z., Qiu S., Luo J., Ye C., Zhu S., Zhong N. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020; 382 (18): 1708–1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032Berger J.S., Kunichoff D., Adhikari S., Ahuja T., Amoroso N., Aphinyanaphongs Y., Cao M., Goldenberg R., Hindenburg A., Horowitz J., Parnia S., Petrilli C., Reynolds H., Simon E., Slater J., Yaghi S., Yuriditsky E., Hochman J., Horwitz L.I. Prevalence and Outcomes of D-Dimer Elevation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2020; 40 (10): 2539–2547. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314872Berger J.S., Kunichoff D., Adhikari S., Ahuja T., Amoroso N., Aphinyanaphongs Y., Cao M., Goldenberg R., Hindenburg A., Horowitz J., Parnia S., Petrilli C., Reynolds H., Simon E., Slater J., Yaghi S., Yuriditsky E., Hochman J., Horwitz L.I. Prevalence and Outcomes of D-Dimer Elevation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2020; 40 (10): 2539–2547. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314872Weisel J.W., Litvinov R.I. Red blood cells: the forgotten player in hemostasis and thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2019; 17 (2): 271–282. doi: 10.1111/jth.14360Weisel J.W., Litvinov R.I. Red blood cells: the forgotten player in hemostasis and thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2019; 17 (2): 271–282. doi: 10.1111/jth.14360Alamin A.A. The Role of Red Blood Cells in Hemostasis. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2021; 47 (1): 26–31. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1718889Alamin A.A. The Role of Red Blood Cells in Hemostasis. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2021; 47 (1): 26–31. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1718889Foy B.H., Carlson J.C.T., Reinertsen E., Padros I., Valls R., Pallares L.R., Palanques-Tost E., Mow C., Westover M.B., Aguirre A.D., Higgins J.M. Association of Red Blood Cell Distribution Width With Mortality Risk in Hospitalized Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Netw Open., 2020; 3 (9): e2022058. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22058Foy B.H., Carlson J.C.T., Reinertsen E., Padros I., Valls R., Pallares L.R., Palanques-Tost E., Mow C., Westover M.B., Aguirre A.D., Higgins J.M. Association of Red Blood Cell Distribution Width With Mortality Risk in Hospitalized Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Netw Open., 2020; 3 (9): e2022058. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22058Bellmann-Weiler R., Lanser L., Barket R., Rangger L., Schapfl A., Schaber M., Fritsche G., Wöll E., Weiss G. Prevalence and Predictive Value of Anemia and Dysregulated Iron Homeostasis in Patients with COVID-19 Infection. J. Clin. Med., 2020; 9 (8): 2429. doi: 10.3390/jcm9082429Bellmann-Weiler R., Lanser L., Barket R., Rangger L., Schapfl A., Schaber M., Fritsche G., Wöll E., Weiss G. Prevalence and Predictive Value of Anemia and Dysregulated Iron Homeostasis in Patients with COVID-19 Infection. J. Clin. Med., 2020; 9 (8): 2429. doi: 10.3390/jcm9082429Goodall J.W., Reed T.A.N., Ardissino M., Bassett P., Whittington A.M., Cohen D.L., Vaid N. Risk factors for severe disease in patients admitted with COVID-19 to a hospital in London, England: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiol. Infect., 2020; 148: e251. doi: 10.1017/S0950268820002472Goodall J.W., Reed T.A.N., Ardissino M., Bassett P., Whittington A.M., Cohen D.L., Vaid N. Risk factors for severe disease in patients admitted with COVID-19 to a hospital in London, England: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiol. Infect., 2020; 148: e251. doi: 10.1017/S0950268820002472Chen Y., Gaber T. Hypoxia/HIF Modulates Immune Responses. Biomedicines, 2021; 9 (3): 260. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9030260Chen Y., Gaber T. Hypoxia/HIF Modulates Immune Responses. Biomedicines, 2021; 9 (3): 260. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9030260Miller C. Human Biology: Human Anatomy and Physiology. Thompson Rivers University, 2020. 1711 p.Miller C. Human Biology: Human Anatomy and Physiology. Thompson Rivers University, 2020. 1711 p.Kiefmann R., Rifkind J.M., Nagababu E., Bhattacharya J. Red blood cells induce hypoxic lung inflammation. Blood, 2008; 111 (10): 5205–5214. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-09-113902Kiefmann R., Rifkind J.M., Nagababu E., Bhattacharya J. Red blood cells induce hypoxic lung inflammation. Blood, 2008; 111 (10): 5205–5214. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-09-113902Huerga Encabo H., Grey W., Garcia-Albornoz M., Wood H., Ulferts R., Aramburu I.V., Kulasekararaj A.G., Mufti G., Papayannopoulos V., Beale R., Bonnet D. Human Erythroid Progenitors Are Directly Infected by SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Emerging Erythropoiesis in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Stem. Cell Reports., 2021; 16 (3): 428–436. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.001Huerga Encabo H., Grey W., Garcia-Albornoz M., Wood H., Ulferts R., Aramburu I.V., Kulasekararaj A.G., Mufti G., Papayannopoulos V., Beale R., Bonnet D. Human Erythroid Progenitors Are Directly Infected by SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Emerging Erythropoiesis in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Stem. Cell Reports., 2021; 16 (3): 428–436. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.001Shahbaz S., Xu L., Osman M., Sligl W., Shields J., Joyce M., Tyrrell D.L., Oyegbami O., Elahi S. Erythroid precursors and progenitors suppress adaptive immunity and get invaded by SARS-CoV-2. Stem. Cell Reports., 2021; 16 (5): 1165–1181. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.001Shahbaz S., Xu L., Osman M., Sligl W., Shields J., Joyce M., Tyrrell D.L., Oyegbami O., Elahi S. Erythroid precursors and progenitors suppress adaptive immunity and get invaded by SARS-CoV-2. Stem. Cell Reports., 2021; 16 (5): 1165–1181. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.001Thomas T., Stefanoni D., Dzieciatkowska M., Issaian A., Nemkov T., Hill R.C., Francis R.O., Hudson K.E., Buehler P.W., Zimring J.C., Hod E.A., Hansen K.C., Spitalnik S.L., D’Alessandro A. Evidence of Structural Protein Damage and Membrane Lipid Remodeling in Red Blood Cells from COVID-19 Patients. J. Proteome Res., 2020; 19 (11): 4455–4469. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00606Thomas T., Stefanoni D., Dzieciatkowska M., Issaian A., Nemkov T., Hill R.C., Francis R.O., Hudson K.E., Buehler P.W., Zimring J.C., Hod E.A., Hansen K.C., Spitalnik S.L., D’Alessandro A. Evidence of Structural Protein Damage and Membrane Lipid Remodeling in Red Blood Cells from COVID-19 Patients. J. Proteome Res., 2020; 19 (11): 4455–4469. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00606Wang K., Chen W., Zhang Z., Deng Y., Lian J.Q., Du P., Wei D., Zhang Y., Sun X.X., Gong L., Yang X., He L., Zhang L., Yang Z., Geng J.J., Chen R., Zhang H., Wang B., Zhu Y.M., Nan G., Jiang J.L., Li L., Wu J., Lin P., Huang W., Xie L., Zheng Z.H., Zhang K., Miao J.L., Cui H.Y., Huang M., Zhang J., Fu L., Yang X.M., Zhao Z., Sun S., Gu H., Wang Z., Wang C.F., Lu Y., Liu Y.Y., Wang Q.Y., Bian H., Zhu P., Chen Z.N. CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther., 2020; 5 (1): 283. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00426-xWang K., Chen W., Zhang Z., Deng Y., Lian J.Q., Du P., Wei D., Zhang Y., Sun X.X., Gong L., Yang X., He L., Zhang L., Yang Z., Geng J.J., Chen R., Zhang H., Wang B., Zhu Y.M., Nan G., Jiang J.L., Li L., Wu J., Lin P., Huang W., Xie L., Zheng Z.H., Zhang K., Miao J.L., Cui H.Y., Huang M., Zhang J., Fu L., Yang X.M., Zhao Z., Sun S., Gu H., Wang Z., Wang C.F., Lu Y., Liu Y.Y., Wang Q.Y., Bian H., Zhu P., Chen Z.N. CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther., 2020; 5 (1): 283. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00426-xCosic I., Cosic D., Loncarevic I. RRM prediction of erythrocyte band 3 protein as alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2 virus. Appl. Sci., 2020; 11 (10): 4053. doi.org/10.3390/app10114053Cosic I., Cosic D., Loncarevic I. RRM prediction of erythrocyte band 3 protein as alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2 virus. Appl. Sci., 2020; 11 (10): 4053. doi.org/10.3390/app10114053Misiti F. SARS-CoV-2 infection and red blood cells: Implications for long term symptoms during exercise. Sports Med. Health Sci., 2021; 3 (3): 181–182. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.07.002Misiti F. SARS-CoV-2 infection and red blood cells: Implications for long term symptoms during exercise. Sports Med. Health Sci., 2021; 3 (3): 181–182. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.07.002Lam L.M., Murphy S.J., Kuri-Cervantes L., Weisman A.R., Ittner C.A.G., Reilly J.P., Pampena M.B., Betts M.R., Wherry E.J., Song W.C., Lambris J.D., Cines D.B., Meyer N.J., Mangalmurti N.S. Erythrocytes Reveal Complement Activation in Patients with COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint]., 2020: 2020.05.20.20104398. Update in: Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell Mol. Physiol., 2021; 321 (2): L485–L489. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20104398Lam L.M., Murphy S.J., Kuri-Cervantes L., Weisman A.R., Ittner C.A.G., Reilly J.P., Pampena M.B., Betts M.R., Wherry E.J., Song W.C., Lambris J.D., Cines D.B., Meyer N.J., Mangalmurti N.S. Erythrocytes Reveal Complement Activation in Patients with COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint]., 2020: 2020.05.20.20104398. Update in: Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell Mol. Physiol., 2021; 321 (2): L485–L489. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20104398Berzuini A., Bianco C., Paccapelo C., Bertolini F., Gregato G., Cattaneo A., Erba E., Bandera A., Gori A., Lamorte G., Manunta M., Porretti L., Revelli N., Truglio F., Grasselli G., Zanella A., Villa S., Valenti L., Prati D. Red cell-bound antibodies and transfusion requirements in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Blood, 2020; 136 (6): 766–768. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020006695Berzuini A., Bianco C., Paccapelo C., Bertolini F., Gregato G., Cattaneo A., Erba E., Bandera A., Gori A., Lamorte G., Manunta M., Porretti L., Revelli N., Truglio F., Grasselli G., Zanella A., Villa S., Valenti L., Prati D. Red cell-bound antibodies and transfusion requirements in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Blood, 2020; 136 (6): 766–768. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020006695Kisserli A., Schneider N., Audonnet S., Tabary T., Goury A., Cousson J., Mahmoudi R., Bani-Sadr F., Kanagaratnam L., Jolly D., Cohen J.H. Acquired decrease of the C3b/C4b receptor (CR1, CD35) and increased C4d deposits on erythrocytes from ICU COVID-19 patients. Immunobiology, 2021; 226 (3): 152093. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152093Kisserli A., Schneider N., Audonnet S., Tabary T., Goury A., Cousson J., Mahmoudi R., Bani-Sadr F., Kanagaratnam L., Jolly D., Cohen J.H. Acquired decrease of the C3b/C4b receptor (CR1, CD35) and increased C4d deposits on erythrocytes from ICU COVID-19 patients. Immunobiology, 2021; 226 (3): 152093. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152093Magro C.M., Mulvey J., Kubiak J., Mikhail S., Suster D., Crowson A.N., Laurence J., Nuovo G. Severe COVID-19: A multifaceted viral vasculopathy syndrome. Ann. Diagn. Pathol., 2021; 50: 151645. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151645Magro C.M., Mulvey J., Kubiak J., Mikhail S., Suster D., Crowson A.N., Laurence J., Nuovo G. Severe COVID-19: A multifaceted viral vasculopathy syndrome. Ann. Diagn. Pathol., 2021; 50: 151645. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151645Ghiran I.C., Zeidel M.L., Shevkoplyas S.S., Burns J.M., Tsokos G.C., Kyttaris V.C. Systemic lupus erythematosus serum deposits C4d on red blood cells, decreases red blood cell membrane deformability, and promotes nitric oxide production. Arthritis Rheum., 2011; 63 (2): 503–512. doi: 10.1002/art.30143Ghiran I.C., Zeidel M.L., Shevkoplyas S.S., Burns J.M., Tsokos G.C., Kyttaris V.C. Systemic lupus erythematosus serum deposits C4d on red blood cells, decreases red blood cell membrane deformability, and promotes nitric oxide production. Arthritis Rheum., 2011; 63 (2): 503–512. doi: 10.1002/art.30143Muroya T., Kannan L., Ghiran I.C., Shevkoplyas S.S., Paz Z., Tsokos M., Dalle Lucca J.J., Shapiro N.I., Tsokos G.C. C4d deposits on the surface of RBCs in trauma patients and interferes with their function. Crit. Care Med., 2014; 42 (5): e364–e372. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000231Muroya T., Kannan L., Ghiran I.C., Shevkoplyas S.S., Paz Z., Tsokos M., Dalle Lucca J.J., Shapiro N.I., Tsokos G.C. C4d deposits on the surface of RBCs in trauma patients and interferes with their function. Crit. Care Med., 2014; 42 (5): e364–e372. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000231Зинчук В.В. Деформируемость эритроцитов: физиологические аспекты. Успехи физиол. наук, 2001; 32 (3): 66–78.Zinchuk V.V. Deformability of erythrocytes: physiological aspects. Successes of Physiological Sciences, 2001; 32 (3): 66–78. (In Russ.)Новицкий В.В., Рязанцева Н.В., Степовая Е.А. Физиология и патофизиология эритроцита. Томск: Изд-во Том. ун-та, 2004. 202 c. [Novitsky V.V., Ryazantseva N.V., Stepovaya E.A. Physiology and pathophysiology of erythrocyte. Tomsk: Tomsk Publishing House. un-ta, 2004. 202 p. (In Russ.)Grobbelaar L.M., Venter C., Vlok M., Ngoepe M., Laubscher G.J., Lourens P.J., Steenkamp J., Kell D.B., Pretorius E. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 induces fibrin(ogen) resistant to fibrinolysis: implications for microclot formation in COVID-19. Biosci. Rep., 2021; 41 (8): BSR20210611. doi: 10.1042/BSR20210611Grobbelaar L.M., Venter C., Vlok M., Ngoepe M., Laubscher G.J., Lourens P.J., Steenkamp J., Kell D.B., Pretorius E. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 induces fibrin(ogen) resistant to fibrinolysis: implications for microclot formation in COVID-19. Biosci. Rep., 2021; 41 (8): BSR20210611. doi: 10.1042/BSR20210611Lam L.K.M., Murphy S., Kokkinaki D., Venosa A., Sherrill-Mix S., Casu C., Rivella S., Weiner A., Park J., Shin S., Vaughan A.E., Hahn B.H., Odom J.A.R., Meyer N.J., Hunter C.A., Worthen G.S., Mangalmurti N.S. DNA binding to TLR9 expressed by red blood cells promotes innate immune activation and anemia. Sci. Transl. Med., 2021; 13 (616): eabj1008. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj1008Lam L.K.M., Murphy S., Kokkinaki D., Venosa A., Sherrill-Mix S., Casu C., Rivella S., Weiner A., Park J., Shin S., Vaughan A.E., Hahn B.H., Odom J.A.R., Meyer N.J., Hunter C.A., Worthen G.S., Mangalmurti N.S. DNA binding to TLR9 expressed by red blood cells promotes innate immune activation and anemia. Sci. Transl. Med., 2021; 13 (616): eabj1008. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj1008Al-Kuraishy H.M., Al-Gareeb A.I., Al-Hussaniy H.A., Al-Harcan N.A.H., Alexiou A., Batiha G.E. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Covid-19: A new frontiers for therapeutic modality. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2022; 104: 108516. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108516Al-Kuraishy H.M., Al-Gareeb A.I., Al-Hussaniy H.A., Al-Harcan N.A.H., Alexiou A., Batiha G.E. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Covid-19: A new frontiers for therapeutic modality. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2022; 104: 108516. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108516Fuchs T.A., Brill A., Duerschmied D., Schatzberg D., Monestier M., Myers D.D.Jr., Wrobleski S.K., Wakefield T.W., Hartwig J.H., Wagner D.D. Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2010; 107 (36): 15880–15885. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005743107Fuchs T.A., Brill A., Duerschmied D., Schatzberg D., Monestier M., Myers D.D.Jr., Wrobleski S.K., Wakefield T.W., Hartwig J.H., Wagner D.D. Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2010; 107 (36): 15880–15885. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1005743107Lam L.K.M., Clements R.L., Eckart K.A., Weisman A.R., Vaughan N.Y., Meyer N.J., Jurado K.A., Mangalmurti N.S. Human red blood cells express the RNA sensor TLR7 and bind viral RNA., bioRxiv 2022.01.01.474694. doi: 10.1101/2022.01.01.474694Lam L.K.M., Clements R.L., Eckart K.A., Weisman A.R., Vaughan N.Y., Meyer N.J., Jurado K.A., Mangalmurti N.S. Human red blood cells express the RNA sensor TLR7 and bind viral RNA., bioRxiv 2022.01.01.474694. doi: 10.1101/2022.01.01.474694McFadyen J.D., Stevens H., Peter K. The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications. Circ. Res., 2020; 127 (4): 571–587. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447McFadyen J.D., Stevens H., Peter K. The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications. Circ. Res., 2020; 127 (4): 571–587. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447Functional organization of vertebrate plasma membrane. Vol. 72. Editor: Vann Bennett Amsterdam, Boston, MA: Academic Press Inc, 2013. 357 p. doi: 10.1016/c2012-0-07243-2Functional organization of vertebrate plasma membrane. Vol. 72. Editor: Vann Bennett Amsterdam, Boston, MA: Academic Press Inc, 2013. 357 p. doi: 10.1016/c2012-0-07243-2Bouchla A., Kriebardis A.G., Georgatzakou H.T., Fortis S.P., Thomopoulos T.P., Lekkakou L., Markakis K., Gkotzias D., Panagiotou A., Papageorgiou E.G., Pouliakis A., Stamoulis K.E., Papageorgiou S.G., Pappa V., Valsami S. Red Blood Cell Abnormalities as the Mirror of SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity: A Pilot Study. Front. Physiol., 2022; 12: 825055. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.825055Bouchla A., Kriebardis A.G., Georgatzakou H.T., Fortis S.P., Thomopoulos T.P., Lekkakou L., Markakis K., Gkotzias D., Panagiotou A., Papageorgiou E.G., Pouliakis A., Stamoulis K.E., Papageorgiou S.G., Pappa V., Valsami S. Red Blood Cell Abnormalities as the Mirror of SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity: A Pilot Study. Front. Physiol., 2022; 12: 825055. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.825055Зубаиров Д.М., Зубаирова Л.Д. Микровезикулы в крови: функции и их роль в тромбообразовании. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2009. 167 с. [Zubairov D.M., Zubairov L.D. Microvesicles in the blood: functions and their role in thrombosis. Moscow: GEOTARMedia, 2009. 167 p. (In Russ.)]Зубаиров Д.М., Зубаирова Л.Д. Микровезикулы в крови: функции и их роль в тромбообразовании. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2009. 167 с. [Zubairov D.M., Zubairov L.D. Microvesicles in the blood: functions and their role in thrombosis. Moscow: GEOTARMedia, 2009. 167 p. (In Russ.)]Pretorius E. Erythrocyte deformability and eryptosis during inflammation, and impaired blood rheology. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2018; 69 (4): 545–550. doi: 10.3233/CH-189205Pretorius E. Erythrocyte deformability and eryptosis during inflammation, and impaired blood rheology. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2018; 69 (4): 545–550. doi: 10.3233/CH-189205Piagnerelli M., Vanderelst J., Rousseau A., Monteyne D., Perez-Morga D., Biston P., Zouaoui Boudjeltia K. Red Blood Cell Shape and Deformability in Patients With COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front. Physiol., 2022; 13: 849910. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.849910Piagnerelli M., Vanderelst J., Rousseau A., Monteyne D., Perez-Morga D., Biston P., Zouaoui Boudjeltia K. Red Blood Cell Shape and Deformability in Patients With COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front. Physiol., 2022; 13: 849910. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.849910Nader E., Nougier C., Boisson C., Poutrel S., Catella J., Martin F., Charvet J., Girard S., Havard-Guibert S., Martin M., Rezigue H., Desmurs-Clavel H., Renoux C., Joly P., Guillot N., Bertrand Y., Hot A., Dargaud Y., Connes P. Increased blood viscosity and red blood cell aggregation in patients with COVID-19. Am. J. Hematol., 2022; 97 (3): 283–292. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26440Nader E., Nougier C., Boisson C., Poutrel S., Catella J., Martin F., Charvet J., Girard S., Havard-Guibert S., Martin M., Rezigue H., Desmurs-Clavel H., Renoux C., Joly P., Guillot N., Bertrand Y., Hot A., Dargaud Y., Connes P. Increased blood viscosity and red blood cell aggregation in patients with COVID-19. Am. J. Hematol., 2022; 97 (3): 283–292. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26440Mesquida J., Caballer A., Cortese L., Vila C., Karadeniz U., Pagliazzi M., Zanoletti M., Pacheco A.P., Castro P., García-de-Acilu M., Mesquita R.C., Busch D.R., Durduran T. HEMOCOVID-19 Consortium. Peripheral microcirculatory alterations are associated with the severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients admitted to intermediate respiratory and intensive care units. Crit. Care., 2021; 25 (1): 381. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03803-2Mesquida J., Caballer A., Cortese L., Vila C., Karadeniz U., Pagliazzi M., Zanoletti M., Pacheco A.P., Castro P., García-de-Acilu M., Mesquita R.C., Busch D.R., Durduran T. HEMOCOVID-19 Consortium. Peripheral microcirculatory alterations are associated with the severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients admitted to intermediate respiratory and intensive care units. Crit. Care., 2021; 25 (1): 381. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03803-2Liu W., Li H. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism. Chem Rxiv. Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage, 2021. doi: 10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v7Liu W., Li H. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism. Chem Rxiv. Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage, 2021. doi: 10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v7Vallelian F., Pimenova T., Pereira C.P., Abraham B., Mikolajczyk M.G., Schoedon G., Zenobi R., Alayash A.I., Buehler P.W., Schaer D.J. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with hemoglobin induces extensive alpha-globin crosslinking and impairs the interaction of hemoglobin with endogenous scavenger pathways. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2008; 45 (8): 1150–1158. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.07.013Vallelian F., Pimenova T., Pereira C.P., Abraham B., Mikolajczyk M.G., Schoedon G., Zenobi R., Alayash A.I., Buehler P.W., Schaer D.J. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with hemoglobin induces extensive alpha-globin crosslinking and impairs the interaction of hemoglobin with endogenous scavenger pathways. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2008; 45 (8): 1150–1158. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.07.013Olagnier D., Farahani E., Thyrsted J., Blay-Cadanet J., Herengt A., Idorn M., Hait A., Hernaez B., Knudsen A., Iversen M.B., Schilling M., Jørgensen S.E., Thomsen M., Reinert L.S., Lappe M., Hoang H.D., Gilchrist V.H., Hansen A.L., Ottosen R., Nielsen C.G., Møller C., van der Horst D., Peri S., Balachandran S., Huang J., Jakobsen M., Svenningsen E.B., Poulsen T.B., Bartsch L., Thielke A.L., Luo Y., Alain T., Rehwinkel J., Alcamí A., Hiscott J., Mogensen T.H., Paludan S.R., Holm C.K. Author Correction: SARS-CoV2-mediated suppression of NRF2-signaling reveals potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of 4-octyl-itaconate and dimethyl fumarate. Nat. Commun., 2020; 11 (1): 5419. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19363-yOlagnier D., Farahani E., Thyrsted J., Blay-Cadanet J., Herengt A., Idorn M., Hait A., Hernaez B., Knudsen A., Iversen M.B., Schilling M., Jørgensen S.E., Thomsen M., Reinert L.S., Lappe M., Hoang H.D., Gilchrist V.H., Hansen A.L., Ottosen R., Nielsen C.G., Møller C., van der Horst D., Peri S., Balachandran S., Huang J., Jakobsen M., Svenningsen E.B., Poulsen T.B., Bartsch L., Thielke A.L., Luo Y., Alain T., Rehwinkel J., Alcamí A., Hiscott J., Mogensen T.H., Paludan S.R., Holm C.K. Author Correction: SARS-CoV2-mediated suppression of NRF2-signaling reveals potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of 4-octyl-itaconate and dimethyl fumarate. Nat. Commun., 2020; 11 (1): 5419. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19363-yCodo A.C., Davanzo G.G., Monteiro L.B., de Souza G.F., Muraro S.P., Virgilio-da-Silva J.V., Prodonoff J.S., Carregari V.C., de Biagi Junior C.A.O., Crunfli F., Jimenez Restrepo J.L., Vendramini P.H., Reis-de-Oliveira G., Bispo Dos Santos K., Toledo-Teixeira D.A., Parise P.L., Martini M.C., Marques R.E., Carmo H.R., Borin A., Coimbra L.D., Boldrini V.O., Brunetti N.S., Vieira A.S., Mansour E., Ulaf R.G., Bernardes A.F., Nunes T.A., Ribeiro L.C., Palma A.C., Agrela M.V., Moretti M.L., Sposito A.C., Pereira F.B., Velloso L.A., Vinolo M.A.R., Damasio A., Proença-Módena J.L., Carvalho R.F., Mori M.A., Martins-de-Souza D., Nakaya H.I., Farias A.S., Moraes-Vieira P.M. Elevated Glucose Levels Favor SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Monocyte Response through a HIF-1α/Glycolysis-Dependent Axis. Cell Metab., 2020; 32 (3): 437–446.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.07.007Codo A.C., Davanzo G.G., Monteiro L.B., de Souza G.F., Muraro S.P., Virgilio-da-Silva J.V., Prodonoff J.S., Carregari V.C., de Biagi Junior C.A.O., Crunfli F., Jimenez Restrepo J.L., Vendramini P.H., Reis-de-Oliveira G., Bispo Dos Santos K., Toledo-Teixeira D.A., Parise P.L., Martini M.C., Marques R.E., Carmo H.R., Borin A., Coimbra L.D., Boldrini V.O., Brunetti N.S., Vieira A.S., Mansour E., Ulaf R.G., Bernardes A.F., Nunes T.A., Ribeiro L.C., Palma A.C., Agrela M.V., Moretti M.L., Sposito A.C., Pereira F.B., Velloso L.A., Vinolo M.A.R., Damasio A., Proença-Módena J.L., Carvalho R.F., Mori M.A., Martins-de-Souza D., Nakaya H.I., Farias A.S., Moraes-Vieira P.M. Elevated Glucose Levels Favor SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Monocyte Response through a HIF-1α/Glycolysis-Dependent Axis. Cell Metab., 2020; 32 (3): 437–446.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.07.007Rifkind J.M., Nagababu E. Hemoglobin redox reactions and red blood cell aging. Antioxid Redox Signal., 2013; 18 (17): 2274–2283. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4867Rifkind J.M., Nagababu E. Hemoglobin redox reactions and red blood cell aging. Antioxid Redox Signal., 2013; 18 (17): 2274–2283. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4867Pretini V., Koenen M.H., Kaestner L., Fens M.H.A.M., Schiffelers R.M., Bartels M., van Wijk R. Red Blood Cells: Chasing Interactions. Front. Physiol., 2019; 10: 945. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00945Pretini V., Koenen M.H., Kaestner L., Fens M.H.A.M., Schiffelers R.M., Bartels M., van Wijk R. Red Blood Cells: Chasing Interactions. Front. Physiol., 2019; 10: 945. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00945MacKinney A., Woska E., Spasojevic I., BatinicHaberle I., Zennadi R. Disrupting the vicious cycle created by NOX activation in sickle erythrocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation prevents adhesion and vasoocclusion. Redox. Biol. 2019; 25: 101097. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101097MacKinney A., Woska E., Spasojevic I., BatinicHaberle I., Zennadi R. Disrupting the vicious cycle created by NOX activation in sickle erythrocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation prevents adhesion and vasoocclusion. Redox. Biol. 2019; 25: 101097. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101097Wang Q., Zennadi R. Oxidative Stress and Thrombosis during Aging: The Roles of Oxidative Stress in RBCs in Venous Thrombosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020; 21 (12): 4259. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124259Wang Q., Zennadi R. Oxidative Stress and Thrombosis during Aging: The Roles of Oxidative Stress in RBCs in Venous Thrombosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020; 21 (12): 4259. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124259van Eijk L.E., Tami A., Hillebrands J.L., den Dunnen W.F.A., de Borst M.H., van der Voort P.H.J., Bulthuis M.L.C., Veloo A.C.M., Wold K.I., Vincenti González M.F., van der Gun B.T.F., van Goor H., Bourgonje A.R. Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Is Marked by Systemic Oxidative Stress: A Pilot Study. Antioxidants (Basel), 2021; 10 (12): 2022. doi: 10.3390/antiox10122022van Eijk L.E., Tami A., Hillebrands J.L., den Dunnen W.F.A., de Borst M.H., van der Voort P.H.J., Bulthuis M.L.C., Veloo A.C.M., Wold K.I., Vincenti González M.F., van der Gun B.T.F., van Goor H., Bourgonje A.R. Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Is Marked by Systemic Oxidative Stress: A Pilot Study. Antioxidants (Basel), 2021; 10 (12): 2022. doi: 10.3390/antiox10122022Alam M.S., Czajkowsky D.M. SARS-CoV-2 infection and oxidative stress: Pathophysiological insight into thrombosis and therapeutic opportunities. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2022; 63: 44–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.001Alam M.S., Czajkowsky D.M. SARS-CoV-2 infection and oxidative stress: Pathophysiological insight into thrombosis and therapeutic opportunities. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2022; 63: 44–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.001Kubánková M., Hohberger B., Hoffmanns J., Fürst J., Herrmann M., Guck J., Kräter M. Physical phenotype of blood cells is altered in COVID-19. Biophys. J., 2021; 120 (14): 2838–2847. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.05.025Kubánková M., Hohberger B., Hoffmanns J., Fürst J., Herrmann M., Guck J., Kräter M. Physical phenotype of blood cells is altered in COVID-19. Biophys. J., 2021; 120 (14): 2838–2847. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.05.025Kruchinina M., Gromov A.A., Generalov V.M., Rabko A.V., Kruchinin V.N. Stroke mechanisms associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). European. Heart. J., 2021; 42 (1): ehab724.1977, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1977Kruchinina M., Gromov A.A., Generalov V.M., Rabko A.V., Kruchinin V.N. Stroke mechanisms associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). European. Heart. J., 2021; 42 (1): ehab724.1977, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1977Кручинина М.В., Громов А.А., Генералов В.М., Кручинина Э.В. Эритроциты: роль в развитии нарушений микроциркуляции и гемостаза. Новосибирск: ООО «Офсет-ТМ», 2022. 308 с. ISBN 978-5-85957-200-7.Kruchinina M.V., Gromov A.A., Generalov V.M., Kruchinina E.V. Erythrocytes: the role in the development of microcirculation and hemostasis disorders. Novosibirsk: Offset-TM LLC, 2022. 308 p. ISBN 978-5-85957-200-7. (In Russ.)Grau M., Ibershoff L., Zacher J., Bros J., Tomschi F., Diebold K.F., Predel H.G., Bloch W. Even patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection show prolonged altered red blood cell morphology and rheological parameters. J. Cell Mol. Med., 2022; 26 (10): 3022–3030. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.17320Grau M., Ibershoff L., Zacher J., Bros J., Tomschi F., Diebold K.F., Predel H.G., Bloch W. Even patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection show prolonged altered red blood cell morphology and rheological parameters. J. Cell Mol. Med., 2022; 26 (10): 3022–3030. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.17320Maruyama T., Hieda M., Mawatari S., Fujino T. Rheological Abnormalities in Human Erythrocytes Subjected to Oxidative Inflammation. Front. Physiol., 2022; 13: 837926. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837926Maruyama T., Hieda M., Mawatari S., Fujino T. Rheological Abnormalities in Human Erythrocytes Subjected to Oxidative Inflammation. Front. Physiol., 2022; 13: 837926. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.837926Mahdi A., Collado A., Tengbom J., Jiao T., Wodaje T., Johansson N., Farnebo F., Färnert A., Yang J., Lundberg J.O., Zhou Z., Pernow J. Erythrocytes Induce Vascular Dysfunction in COVID-19. JACC Basic. Transl. Sci., 2022; 7 (3): 193–204. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.003Mahdi A., Collado A., Tengbom J., Jiao T., Wodaje T., Johansson N., Farnebo F., Färnert A., Yang J., Lundberg J.O., Zhou Z., Pernow J. Erythrocytes Induce Vascular Dysfunction in COVID-19. JACC Basic. Transl. Sci., 2022; 7 (3): 193–204. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.003Mahdi A., Tengbom J., Alvarsson M., Wernly B., Zhou Z., Pernow J. Red Blood Cell Peroxynitrite Causes Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via Arginase. Cells, 2020; 9 (7): 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071712Mahdi A., Tengbom J., Alvarsson M., Wernly B., Zhou Z., Pernow J. Red Blood Cell Peroxynitrite Causes Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via Arginase. Cells, 2020; 9 (7): 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071712Varga Z., Flammer A.J., Steiger P., Haberecker M., Andermatt R., Zinkernagel A.S., Mehra M.R., Schuepbach R.A., Ruschitzka F., Moch H. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet, 2020; 395 (10234): 1417–1418. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5Varga Z., Flammer A.J., Steiger P., Haberecker M., Andermatt R., Zinkernagel A.S., Mehra M.R., Schuepbach R.A., Ruschitzka F., Moch H. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet, 2020; 395 (10234): 1417–1418. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5Rauti R., Shahoha M., Leichtmann-Bardoogo Y., Nasser R., Paz E., Tamir R., Miller V., Babich T., Shaked K., Ehrlich A., Ioannidis K., Nahmias Y., Sharan R., Ashery U., Maoz B.M. Effect of SARSCoV-2 proteins on vascular permeability. Elife, 2021; 10: e69314. doi: 10.7554/eLife.69314Rauti R., Shahoha M., Leichtmann-Bardoogo Y., Nasser R., Paz E., Tamir R., Miller V., Babich T., Shaked K., Ehrlich A., Ioannidis K., Nahmias Y., Sharan R., Ashery U., Maoz B.M. Effect of SARSCoV-2 proteins on vascular permeability. Elife, 2021; 10: e69314. doi: 10.7554/eLife.69314Nikolaidis A., Kramer R., Ostojic S. Nitric Oxide: The Missing Factor in COVID-19 Severity? Med. Sci. (Basel), 2021; 10 (1): 3. doi: 10.3390/medsci10010003Nikolaidis A., Kramer R., Ostojic S. Nitric Oxide: The Missing Factor in COVID-19 Severity? Med. Sci. (Basel), 2021; 10 (1): 3. doi: 10.3390/medsci10010003Hottz E.D., Bozza P.T. Platelet-leukocyte interactions in COVID-19: Contributions to hypercoagulability, inflammation, and disease severity. Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost., 2022; 6 (3): e12709. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12709Hottz E.D., Bozza P.T. Platelet-leukocyte interactions in COVID-19: Contributions to hypercoagulability, inflammation, and disease severity. Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost., 2022; 6 (3): e12709. doi: 10.1002/rth2.12709Зубаиров Д.М. Молекулярные основы свертывания крови и тромбообразования. Казань: Фэн, 2000. 364 с.Zubairov D.M. Molecular bases of blood clotting and thrombosis. Kazan: Feng, 2000. 364 p. (In Russ.)Sastry S., Cuomo F., Muthusamy J. COVID-19 and thrombosis: The role of hemodynamics. Thromb. Res., 2022; 212: 51–57. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.02.016Sastry S., Cuomo F., Muthusamy J. COVID-19 and thrombosis: The role of hemodynamics. Thromb. Res., 2022; 212: 51–57. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.02.016

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.