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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ateroskleroz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Атеросклероз</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ateroscleroz</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-256X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-3633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИИТПМ-филиал ИЦиГ СО РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52727/2078-256X-2022-18-3-208-221</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ateroskleroz-827</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Иммунофенотипирование циркулирующих лейкоцитов как инструмент оптимизации диагностики каротидного атеросклероза с использованием методов машинного обучения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Immunophenotyping of circulating leukocytes as a tool to optimize diagnosis of carotid atherosclerosis using machine learning approach</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5902-3803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Генкель</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Genkel</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вадим Викторович Генкель кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim V. Genkel - candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, assistant of the department of propaedeutics of internal medicine.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">henkel-07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-8042</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгушин</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgushin</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Илья Ильич Долгушин - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, академик РАН, президент ФГБОУ ВО ЮУГМУ МЗ РФ, зав. кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии, иммунологии, директор НИИ иммунологии.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya I. Dolgushin - doctor of medical sciences, professor, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, President of South-Ural State Medical University, head of the department of microbiology, virology, immunology.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dol-ii@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1854-8686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Астанин</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Astanin</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павел Андреевич Астанин - ассистент кафедры медицинской кибернетики и информатики.</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1, стр. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel A. Astanin - assistant of the department of medical cybernetics and informatics.</p><p>1, bld. 6, Ostrovityanov str., Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">med_cyber@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0536-0924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савочкина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savochkina</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Альбина Юрьевна Савочкина - доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры клинической лабораторной диагностики, главный научный сотрудник НИИ иммунологии.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Albina Yu. Savochkina - doctor of medical sciences, professor of department of clinical laboratory diagnostics, principal researcher of Research Institution of Immunology, South-Ural State Medical University.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alina7423@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5960-4189</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батурина</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baturina</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Леонидовна Батурина - кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник НИИ иммунологии.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina L. Baturina - candidate of medical sciences, senior researcher of Research Institution of Immunology.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irisha_baturina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3900-9278</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никушкина</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikushkina</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карина Викторовна Никушкина - кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник НИИ иммунологии.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karina V. Nikushkina - candidate of medical sciences, leading researcher of Research Institution of Immunology.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">knikushkina81@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9084-0577</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минасова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minasova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Александровна Минасова – кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии, иммунологии.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna A. Minasova - candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, department of microbiology, virology, immunology.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pandora_anna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-0875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сумеркина</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sumerkina</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вероника Андреевна Сумеркина - кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник ЦНИЛ, начальник отдела научной работы.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronika A. Sumerkina - candidate of medical sciences, leading researcher of Research Institution of Immunology.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">veronika.sumerkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0658-7626</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пыхова</surname><given-names>Л. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pykhova</surname><given-names>L. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любовь Романовна Пыхова - старший преподаватель кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии, иммунологии.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov R. Pykhova - senior lecturer of department of microbiology, virology, immunology.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lyubov_pykhova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-5702</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алла Сергеевна Кузнецова - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры госпитальной терапии.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alla S. Kuznetsova - candidate of medical sciences, assistant of the department of clinical therapy.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alla.kusnezowa@googlemail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7731-7730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапошник</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaposhnik</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Иосифович Шапошник - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней.</p><p>454948, Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor I. Shaposhnik - doctor of medical sciences, professor, head of the department of propaedeutics of internal medicine.</p><p>64, Vorovskiy str., Chelyabinsk, 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shaposhnik@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education South-Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>208</fpage><lpage>221</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Генкель В.В., Долгушин И.И., Астанин П.А., Савочкина А.Ю., Батурина И.Л., Никушкина К.В., Минасова А.А., Сумеркина В.А., Пыхова Л.Р., Кузнецова А.С., Шапошник И.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Генкель В.В., Долгушин И.И., Астанин П.А., Савочкина А.Ю., Батурина И.Л., Никушкина К.В., Минасова А.А., Сумеркина В.А., Пыхова Л.Р., Кузнецова А.С., Шапошник И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Genkel V.V., Dolgushin I.I., Astanin P.A., Savochkina A.Y., Baturina I.L., Nikushkina K.V., Minasova A.A., Sumerkina V.A., Pykhova L.R., Kuznetsova A.S., Shaposhnik I.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ateroskleroz.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/827">https://ateroskleroz.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/827</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью исследования являлось изучение возможности использования иммунофенотипирования циркулирующих лимфоцитов, нейтрофилов и моноцитов в целях диагностики прогностически неблагоприятного каротидного атеросклероза с применением алгоритмов машинного обучения.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследовании приняли участие пациенты в возрасте 40–64 лет, которым было проведено дуплексное сканирование сонных артерий и артерий нижних конечностей. Фенотипирование и дифференцировку субпопуляций лимфоцитов, нейтрофилов и моноцитов осуществляли методом проточной цитометрии на аппарате «Navios 6/2» (Beckman Coulter, США). Статистическая обработка данных производилась с использованием программно-прикладного пакета SPSS 23 и собственных программных наработок, созданных с использованием основных библиотек языка программирования Python 3.8 (Scikit-learn, Pandas, Numpy, Scipy) и IDE Spyder.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В исследование были включены 78 пациентов, 39 (50,0 %) мужчин и 39 (50,0 %) женщин, медиана возраста 50,0 года. Возраст старше 56 лет (р = 0,001), повышенное содержание холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности (ХС ЛПНП) (р &lt; 0,001) и мочевой кислоты (р = 0,001), а также иммуносупрессорных нейтрофилов (р = 0,005) статистически значимо ассоциированы с развитием каротидных атеросклеротических бляшек. В то же время уменьшение популяций проангиогенных нейтрофилов (р = 0,009), классических моноцитов, экспрессирующих CD36 (р = 0,019), неклассических моноцитов (р = 0,021), промежуточных моноцитов, экспрессирующих TLR4 (р = 0,033), а также классических моноцитов, экспрессирующих TLR2 (р = 0,044), статистически значимо ассоциировано с повышенным шансом наличия каротидных атеросклеротических бляшек. Были созданы две прогностические модели. Первая модель включала базовые клинико-лабораторные параметры (возраст, содержание ХС ЛППН, мочевой кислоты), вторая – все отобранные параметры, а также иммунологические показатели. Включение выявленных иммунологических предикторов в модель привело к значимому увеличению всех стандартных метрик качества бинарной классификации. Точность модели возросла на 13 % (р = 0,014), чувствительность – на 20 % (р = 0,003), специфичность – на 6 % (р = 0,046), прогностическая ценность положительного результата – на 9 % (p = 0,037), прогностическая ценность отрицательного результата – на 16 % (р = 0,011). По данным ROC-анализа, без включения в модель иммунологических предикторов площадь под ROC-кривой (AUC) составляла 0,765 [0,682; 0,848], включение же иммунологических предикторов приводило к статистически значимому увеличению AUC (0,906 [0,854; 0,958], р = 0,041).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. У пациентов 40–64 лет без установленных атеросклеротических сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний включение в модель иммунологических маркеров, получаемых при иммунофенотипировании лейкоцитов, позволило увеличить ее диагностическую эффективность в отношении выявления прогностически неблагоприятного каротидного атеросклероза. Диагностическую ценность продемонстрировали субпопуляции моноцитов, экспрессирующих TLR2, TLR4 и CD36, а также иммуносупрессорные и проангиогенные нейтрофилы.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of using immunophenotyping of circulating lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes to diagnose prognostically unfavorable carotid atherosclerosis using machine learning algorithms.</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A sample of patients aged 40 to 64 years, who underwent duplex scanning of the carotid arteries and the lower limb arteries, served as a source of patients for analysis. Phenotyping and differentiation of subpopulations of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes were performed by flow cytometry using the “Navios 6/2” device (Beckman Coulter, USA) device. Data were statistically processed using software package SPSS 23 and our own software programs created using main libraries of Python 3.8 programming language (Scikit-learn, Pandas, Numpy, Scipy) and IDE Spyder.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Seventy-eight patients, 39 (50.0 %) males and 39 (50.0 %) females, median age 50.0 years, were included in the study. Age over 56 (р = 0,001), elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (р &lt; 0.001) and uric acid (р = 0.001), as well as immunosuppressive neutrophils level (р = 0.005) were statistically significantly associated with the development of carotid plaque. At the same time, decreased cell populations of proangiogenic neutrophils (р = 0.009), classical monocytes expressing CD36 (р = 0.019), nonclassical monocytes (р = 0.021), intermediate monocytes expressing TLR4 (р = 0.033), and classical monocytes expressing TLR2 (р = 0.044) were statistically significantly associated with an increased chance of carotid plaque. Taking into account the selected parameters, two prognostic models were created. The first model included basic clinical and laboratory parameters (age, LDL cholesterol and uric acid), and the second model included all selected parameters as well as immunological parameters. Inclusion of the identified immunological predictors in the model resulted in a significant increase in all standard quality metrics of the binary classification. Model accuracy increased by 13 % (р = 0.014), sensitivity by 20 % (р = 0.003), specificity by 6 % (р = 0.046), predictive value of a positive result by 9 % (р = 0.037), predictive value of a negative result by 16 % (р = 0.011). According to the ROC analysis, without the inclusion of immunological predictors in the model, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.765 [0.682; 0.848], the inclusion of immunological predictors resulted in a statistically significant increase in AUC (0.906 [0.854; 0.958], р = 0.041).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. In patients 40–64 years old without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, inclusion of immunological markers derived from leukocyte immunophenotyping in the model allowed increasing its diagnostic efficacy with regard to the detection of prognostically unfavorable carotid atherosclerosis. Subpopulations of monocytes expressing TLR2, TLR4, and CD36, as well as immunosuppressive and proangiogenic neutrophils, demonstrated diagnostic value.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>нейтрофилы</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>моноциты</kwd><kwd>Toll-подобные рецепторы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>neutrophils</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>monocytes</kwd><kwd>Toll-like receptors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Virani S.S., Alonso A., Aparicio H.J., Benjamin E.J., Bittencourt M.S., Callaway C.W., Carson A.P., Chamberlain A.M., Cheng S., Delling F.N., Elkind M.S.V., Evenson K.R., Ferguson J.F., Gupta D.K., Khan S.S., Kissela B.M., Knutson K.L., Lee C.D., Lewis T.T., Liu J., Loop M.S., Lutsey P.L., Ma J., Mackey J., Martin S.S., Matchar D.B., Mussolino M.E., Navaneethan S.D., Perak A.M., Roth G.A., Samad Z., Satou G.M., Schroeder E.B., Shah S.H., Shay C.M., Stokes A., VanWagner L.B., Wang N.Y., Tsao C.W., American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. 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