<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ateroskleroz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Атеросклероз</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ateroscleroz</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-256X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-3633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НИИТПМ-филиал ИЦиГ СО РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ateroskleroz-713</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Формирование фенотипа макрофагов при воспалительном и фиброгенном ответе: роль мевалонатного метаболического пути и ядерных рецепторов LXR</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Formation of macrophage phenotupe in inflammatory and fibrogenic response: The role of mevalonate pathway and nuclear receptors LXR</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шварц</surname><given-names>Я. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shvarts</surname><given-names>Ya. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яков Шмульевич Шварц, д-р мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>СО РАМН</p><p>ФГБУ «НИИ терапии и профилактической медицины»</p><p>лаборатория молекулярно-клеточных механизмов терапевтических заболеваний</p><p>630089</p><p>ул. Бориса Богаткова, 175/1</p><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>SB RAMS</p><p>Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine</p><p>630089</p><p>Boris Bogatkov str., 175/1</p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yshschwartz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Часовских</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chasovskikh</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марина Ивановна Часовских, канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник</p><p>СО РАМН</p><p>ФГБУ «НИИ терапии и профилактической медицины»</p><p>лаборатория молекулярно-клеточных механизмов терапевтических заболеваний</p><p>630089</p><p>ул. Бориса Богаткова, 175/1</p><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>SB RAMS</p><p>Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine</p><p>630089</p><p>Boris Bogatkov str., 175/1</p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marion-@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долганова</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolganova</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Михайловна Долганова, канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник</p><p>СО РАМН</p><p>ФГБУ «НИИ терапии и профилактической медицины»</p><p>лаборатория молекулярно-клеточных механизмов терапевтических заболеваний</p><p>630089</p><p>ул. Бориса Богаткова, 175/1</p><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>SB RAMS</p><p>Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine</p><p>630089</p><p>Boris Bogatkov str., 175/1</p><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ochoschenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>РАМН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>RAMS</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шварц Я.Ш., Часовских М.И., Долганова О.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шварц Я.Ш., Часовских М.И., Долганова О.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shvarts Y.S., Chasovskikh M.I., Dolganova O.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ateroskleroz.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/713">https://ateroskleroz.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/713</self-uri><abstract><p>   При хроническом воспалении и атерогенезе в макрофагах накапливаются свободный холестерин (ХС) и его окисленные производные, оксистеролы (ОС). Однако влияние этих стеролов на баланс про- и антивоспалительных цитокинов в макрофагах в воспалительном ответе изучено крайне слабо. И ХС, и ОС способны влиять на активность мевалонатного метаболического пути и ядерных гормональных рецепторов LXR. Тем не менее роль этого пути и рецепторов LXR в макрофаг-поляризующих эффектах ХС и ОС неизвестна. В данной работе исследовали эффекты ХС и ОС на про- и антивоспалительный /фиброгенный ответ макрофагов, а также роль мевалонат- и LXR-зависимых механизмов в этих эффектах. В культуре макрофагов изучали эффект ХС, ОС, аторвастатина и мевалоновой кислоты на ЛПС-индуцированную продукцию фактора некроза опухоли альфа (ФНО-α), интерлейкина-10 (ИЛ-10) и трансформирующего фактора роста бета 1 (ТФР-β1). Исследование проводилось на первичных мышиных макрофагах, предварительно инкубированных с ХС, 25-гидроксихолестеролом (25-ОН-ХС), 7-кето-ХС, фарнезолом или аторвастатином в присутствии или в отсутствие мевалоната. Далее клетки стимулировали бактериальным липополисахаридом (ЛПС) и определяли продукцию цитокинов. Преинкубация макрофагов с ХС, 25-ОН-ХС или аторвастатином снижала ЛПС-индуцированную продукцию ФНО-α, тогда как добавление в культуры мевалоновой кислоты отменяло эффекты аторвастатина и ХС. 25-ОН-ХС, 7-кето-ХС и аторвастатин (но не фарнезол) ингибировали продукцию ИЛ-10 в ЛПС-стимулированных макрофагах, а добавление мевалоната в инкубационную среду, содержащую ХС или аторвастатин, восстанавливало эту продукцию. Присутствие ХС или аторвастатина в среде преинкубации значительно усиливало продукцию ТФР-β1, в то время как 25-ОН-ХС или фарнезол резко тормозили эту продукцию. Мевалонат отменял влияние ХС или аторвастатина, но не 25-ОН-ХС или фарнезола на продукцию ТФР-β1. Сделан вывод, что при воспалении присутствие ХС в микроокружении макрофагов способствует формированию в них антивоспалительного и фиброгенного типа ответа, и этот ответ связан, по крайней мере частично, с дефицитом промежуточных продуктов мевалонатного пути, в частности с дефицитом фарнезилпирофосфата. В то же время гидроксистеролы подавляют и про-, и антивоспалительный ответ макрофагов независимо от влияния на мевалонатный путь. Очевидно, фармакологическое вмешательство в процесс фарнезилирования может быть новым подходом к контролю хронического воспалительного ответа, в том числе атерогенеза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   Free cholesterol (Ch) and its oxidative derivatives, oxysterols (OS), are often accumulated in macrophages during chronic inflammation and atherogenesis. The effects of Ch and OS on the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory response and the role of mevalonate pathway in the effects of these sterols are studied poorly. Both Ch and OS are able to affect mevalonate pathway activity and activity of nuclear hormonal receptors LXR. However the roles of LXR and mevalonate pathway in Ch and OS effects on macrophage polarization are unknown. We studied the effects of Ch, OS, atorvastatin, and mevalonic acid on the LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β1 production in macrophage cell culture. The study was carried out in murine peritoneal macrophages preincubated for 4 h with Ch (5 μg/mL), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH-Ch) (5 μg/mL), 7-keto-Ch (5 μg/mL), farnesol (10 μM), or atorvastatin (5 μmol/mL) in the presence or absence of 1 mM of mevalonate. The cells were further incubated in the presence or absence of E. coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h, and cytokine concentrations in incubation media were determined. Macrophages preincubation with Ch, 25-OH-Ch, or atorvastatin decreased LPS-induced TNF-α production in cell cultures, while supplementation of preincubation medium with mevalonic acid abrogated the effects of atorvastatin and Ch. The Ch, 25-OH-Ch, 7-keto-Ch and atorvastatin significantly reduced IL-10 production by LPS–stimulated macrophages, while farnesol had no effect. Supplementation of Ch or atorvastatin-containing preincubation medium with mevalonate restored IL-10 production. The TGF-β1 production was significantly enhanced by the presence of Ch or atorvastatin in preincubation medium as compared to the control level in non-treated macrophages, while 25-OH-Ch or farnesol decreased profoundly TGF-β1 production. Mevalonate abrogated the effect of Ch or atorvastatin but not of 25-OH-Ch or farnesol. These results allow to conclude, that the presence of Ch in micro-environment of inflammatory macrophages promotes anti-inflammatory and fibrogenic macrophage response; the latter is connected, at least in part, with the deficiency of mevalonate pathway intermediates, particularly to the deficiency of farnesol. At the same time hydroxysterols suppress both pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage response independently of the impact of these compounds on mevalonate pathway. Apparently, pharmacological interference in the process of farnesylation could be a new approach to the control of chronic inflammation, including atherogenesis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>фиброз</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>холестерин</kwd><kwd>оксистеролы</kwd><kwd>мевалонатный путь</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>fibrosis macrophages</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>cholesterol</kwd><kwd>oxysterols</kwd><kwd>mevalonate pathway</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siasos G., Tousoulis D., Kioufis S. et al. Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis: the impact of matrix metalloproteinases // Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2012. Vol. 12. P. 1132–1148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siasos G., Tousoulis D., Kioufis S. et al. Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis: the impact of matrix metalloproteinases // Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2012. Vol. 12. P. 1132–1148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watanabe N., Ikeda U. Matrix metalloproteinases and atherosclerosis // Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2004. Vol. 6. P. 112–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watanabe N., Ikeda U. Matrix metalloproteinases and atherosclerosis // Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2004. Vol. 6. P. 112–120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwartz Y. Sh., Dushkin M. I., Komarova N. I. et al. Cholesterol-induced stimulation of postinflammatory liver fibrosis // Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2008. Vol. 145. P. 692–695.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwartz Y. Sh., Dushkin M. I., Komarova N. I. et al. Cholesterol-induced stimulation of postinflammatory liver fibrosis // Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2008. Vol. 145. P. 692–695.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poli G., Biasi F., Leonarduzzi G. Oxysterols in the pathogenesis of major chronic diseases // Redox. Biol. 2013. Vol. 1. P. 125–130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poli G., Biasi F., Leonarduzzi G. Oxysterols in the pathogenesis of major chronic diseases // Redox. Biol. 2013. Vol. 1. P. 125–130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansson G. K., Robertson A. K., Söderberg-Naucler C. Inflammation and atherosclerosis // Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2006. Vol. 1. P. 297–329</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansson G. K., Robertson A. K., Söderberg-Naucler C. Inflammation and atherosclerosis // Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2006. Vol. 1. P. 297–329</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dushkin M. I., Vereshchagin E. I., Grebenshchikov A. Iu. et al. Effects of hydroxysterols on expression of inflammatory cytokine genes and their level in macrophages tolerant to endotoxin // Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 1999. Vol. 127. P. 71–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dushkin M. I., Vereshchagin E. I., Grebenshchikov A. Iu. et al. Effects of hydroxysterols on expression of inflammatory cytokine genes and their level in macrophages tolerant to endotoxin // Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 1999. Vol. 127. P. 71–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadamatsu K., Shimokawa H., Tashiro H., Yamamoto K. D. et al. Different effects of simvastatin and losartan on cytokine levels in coronary artery disease // Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs. 2006. Vol. 6. P. 169–175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadamatsu K., Shimokawa H., Tashiro H., Yamamoto K. D. et al. Different effects of simvastatin and losartan on cytokine levels in coronary artery disease // Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs. 2006. Vol. 6. P. 169–175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porreca E., Di Febbo C. Baccante G. et al. Increased transforming growth factor-beta(1)circulating levels and production in human monocytes after3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibition with pravastatin // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002. Vol. 39. P. 1752–1757.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porreca E., Di Febbo C. Baccante G. et al. Increased transforming growth factor-beta(1)circulating levels and production in human monocytes after3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibition with pravastatin // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002. Vol. 39. P. 1752–1757.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lefebvre P., Cariou B., Lien F. et al. Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation // Physiol. Rev. 2009. Vol. 89. P. 147–191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lefebvre P., Cariou B., Lien F. et al. Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation // Physiol. Rev. 2009. Vol. 89. P. 147–191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dushkin M. I., Perminova O. M., Safina A. F. et al. Influence of the activation of the immune system cells on the parameters of lipid metabolism in macrophages // Zh. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 2004. N 6. P. 52–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dushkin M. I., Perminova O. M., Safina A. F. et al. Influence of the activation of the immune system cells on the parameters of lipid metabolism in macrophages // Zh. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 2004. N 6. P. 52–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Englund M. C., Karlsson A. L., Wiklund O. et al. 25-hydroxycholesterol induceslipopolysaccharide-tolerance and decreases alipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha secretion in macrophages // Atherosclerosis. 2001. Vol. 158. P. 61–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Englund M. C., Karlsson A. L., Wiklund O. et al. 25-hydroxycholesterol induceslipopolysaccharide-tolerance and decreases alipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha secretion in macrophages // Atherosclerosis. 2001. Vol. 158. P. 61–71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohlsson B. G., Englund M. C., Karlsson A. L. et al. Oxidized low density lipoproteininhibits lipopoly-saccharide-induced binding of nuclear factor-kappa-B to DNA and the subsequent expression oftumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in macrophages // J. Clin. Invest.1996. Vol. 88. P. 78–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohlsson B. G., Englund M. C., Karlsson A. L. et al. Oxidized low density lipoproteininhibits lipopoly-saccharide-induced binding of nuclear factor-kappa-B to DNA and the subsequent expression oftumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in macrophages // J. Clin. Invest.1996. Vol. 88. P. 78–89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siegemund S., Sauer K. Balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory TLR4 signaling // Nat. Immunol. 2012. Vol. 13. P. 1031–1033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siegemund S., Sauer K. Balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory TLR4 signaling // Nat. Immunol. 2012. Vol. 13. P. 1031–1033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huynh M. L., Fadok V. A., Henson P. M. Phos phatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-beta1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation // J. Clin. Invest. 2002. Vol. 109. P. 41–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huynh M. L., Fadok V. A., Henson P. M. Phos phatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-beta1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation // J. Clin. Invest. 2002. Vol. 109. P. 41–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madenspacher J. H., Draper D. W., Smoak K. A. et al. Dyslipidemia induces opposingeffects on intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary host defense through divergent TLR response phenotypes // J. Immunol. 2010. Vol. 185. P. 1660–1669.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madenspacher J. H., Draper D. W., Smoak K. A. et al. Dyslipidemia induces opposingeffects on intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary host defense through divergent TLR response phenotypes // J. Immunol. 2010. Vol. 185. P. 1660–1669.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khovidhunkit W., Kim M. S., Memon R. A. et al. Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism // J. Lipid Res. 2004. Vol. 45. P. 1169–1196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khovidhunkit W., Kim M. S., Memon R. A. et al. Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism // J. Lipid Res. 2004. Vol. 45. P. 1169–1196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Memon R. A., Shechter I., Moser A. H. et al. Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 decrease hepatic squalene synthaseactivity, protein and mRNA levels in Syrian hamsters // J. Lipid Res. 1997. Vol. 38. P. 1620–1629.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Memon R. A., Shechter I., Moser A. H. et al. Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 decrease hepatic squalene synthaseactivity, protein and mRNA levels in Syrian hamsters // J. Lipid Res. 1997. Vol. 38. P. 1620–1629.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mather, Chen X. M., McGinn S. et al. High glucose induced endothelial cellgrowth inhibition is associated with an increase in TGF-beta 1 secretion and inhibition of Rasprenylation via suppression of the mevalonate pathway // Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2009. Vol. 41. P. 561–5919.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mather, Chen X. M., McGinn S. et al. High glucose induced endothelial cellgrowth inhibition is associated with an increase in TGF-beta 1 secretion and inhibition of Rasprenylation via suppression of the mevalonate pathway // Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2009. Vol. 41. P. 561–5919.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park H. J., Galper J. B. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors up-regulate TGF-β signaling incultured heart cells via inhibition of geranyl geranylation of RhoAGTPase // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999. Vol. 96. P. 11525–11530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park H. J., Galper J. B. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors up-regulate TGF-β signaling incultured heart cells via inhibition of geranyl geranylation of RhoAGTPase // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999. Vol. 96. P. 11525–11530.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulus N. M., Sheng H. M., Sizemore N. et al. Rasmediated suppression of TGFbetaRII expression in intestinal epithelial cells in volves Raf-independent signaling // Neoplasia. 2000. Vol. 2. P. 357–364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulus N. M., Sheng H. M., Sizemore N. et al. Rasmediated suppression of TGFbetaRII expression in intestinal epithelial cells in volves Raf-independent signaling // Neoplasia. 2000. Vol. 2. P. 357–364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adnane J., Bizouarn F. A., Chen Z. et al. Inhibition of farnesyl transferase increases TGFbeta type II receptor expression and enhances responsiveness of human cancer cells to TGFbeta // Oncogene. 2000. Vol. 19. P. 5525–5533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adnane J., Bizouarn F. A., Chen Z. et al. Inhibition of farnesyl transferase increases TGFbeta type II receptor expression and enhances responsiveness of human cancer cells to TGFbeta // Oncogene. 2000. Vol. 19. P. 5525–5533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adnane J., Seijo E., Chen Z. et al. RhoB, not RhoA, represses the transcription of the transforming growth factor β Type II Receptor by a mechanism in volving activatorprotein 1 // J. Biol. Chem. 2002. Vol. 277. P. 8500–8507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adnane J., Seijo E., Chen Z. et al. RhoB, not RhoA, represses the transcription of the transforming growth factor β Type II Receptor by a mechanism in volving activatorprotein 1 // J. Biol. Chem. 2002. Vol. 277. P. 8500–8507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
