aterosklerozАтеросклерозAteroscleroz2078-256X2949-3633НИИТПМ-филиал ИЦиГ СО РАН10.15372/ATER20200409ateroskleroz-401Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSАтеросклероз спонтанный и прогрессирующий – есть ли разница?Spontaneous and progressive atherosclerosis – is there a difference?https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4832-3197ЛожкинаН. Г.LozhkinaN. G.

д-р мед. наук, проф. кафедры факультетской терапии, кардиолог и куратор отделения для лечения больных с острым коронарным синдромом Регионального сосудистого центра ¹ 1,

SPIN-код: 5320-7554 630091, г. Новосибирск, Красный пр., 52

630091, Novosibirsk, Krasny av., 52

lozhkina.n@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4736-6491ПархоменкоО. М.ParkhomenkoO. M.

зам. главного врача по терапии ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница ¹ 1»

SPIN-код: 0000-0000 630091, г. Новосибирск, Красный пр., 52

630091, Novosibirsk, Krasny av., 52

parh.om@mail.ruФГБОУ ВО Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава РоссииNovosibirsk State Medical University of Minzdrav of Russia2020050220211647076Copyright © Ложкина Н.Г., Пархоменко О.М., 20212021Ложкина Н.Г., Пархоменко О.М.Lozhkina N.G., Parkhomenko O.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ateroskleroz.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/401

В статье проанализировано состояние проблемы быстропрогрессирующего атеросклероза в сравнении со спонтанным, или классическим, течением заболевания. Выделены наиболее известные факторы, обусловливающие ускоренное течение атеросклероза, и перспективы терапевтического воздействия. В анализе использованы данные из публикаций за последние пять лет на основе баз данных PubMed, Google Scholar и РИНЦ. 

The article analyzes the state of the problem of rapidly progressive atherosclerosis in comparison with the spontaneous or classical course of the disease. The authors have identified the most well-known factors responsible for the accelerated course of atherosclerosis and the prospects for therapeutic intervention. The analysis used data on the topic from publications over the past five years based on databases PubMed, Google Scholar и Russian Science Citation Index.

прогрессирующий атеросклерозспонтанный атеросклерозprogressive atherosclerosisspontaneous atherosclerosisReferencesPiepoli M. F., Hoes A. W., Agewall S., Albus C., Brotons C., Catapano A.L., Cooney M., Corrà U., Cosyns B., Deaton C., Graham I., Hall M.S., Hobbs F.D.R., Løchen M.L., Löllgen H., Marques-Vidal P., Perk J., Prescott E., Redon J., Richter D.J. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur. Heart J., 2016; 37: 2315–2381. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106Piepoli M. F., Hoes A. W., Agewall S., Albus C., Brotons C., Catapano A.L., Cooney M., Corrà U., Cosyns B., Deaton C., Graham I., Hall M.S., Hobbs F.D.R., Løchen M.L., Löllgen H., Marques-Vidal P., Perk J., Prescott E., Redon J., Richter D.J. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur. Heart J., 2016; 37: 2315–2381. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106Hasturk H., Abdallah R., Kantarci A., Nguyen D., Giordano N., Hamilton J., van Dyke T.E. Resolvin E1 (RvE1) attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in diet and inflammation-induced atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2015; 35(5): 1123–1133. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305324Hasturk H., Abdallah R., Kantarci A., Nguyen D., Giordano N., Hamilton J., van Dyke T.E. Resolvin E1 (RvE1) attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in diet and inflammation-induced atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2015; 35(5): 1123–1133. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305324Herrington W., Lacey B., Sherliker P., Armitage J., Lewington S. Epidemiology of atherosclerosis and the potential to reduce the global burden of atherothrombotic disease. Circ. Res., 2016 Feb 19; 118 (4): 535–546. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611. PMID: 26892956Herrington W., Lacey B., Sherliker P., Armitage J., Lewington S. Epidemiology of atherosclerosis and the potential to reduce the global burden of atherothrombotic disease. Circ. Res., 2016 Feb 19; 118 (4): 535–546. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611. PMID: 26892956Rea I.M., Gibson D.S., McGilligan V., McNerlan S.E., Alexander H.D., Ross O.A. Age and age-related diseases: role of inflammation triggers and cytokines. Front. Immunol., 2018. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586Rea I.M., Gibson D.S., McGilligan V., McNerlan S.E., Alexander H.D., Ross O.A. Age and age-related diseases: role of inflammation triggers and cytokines. Front. Immunol., 2018. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586Dierickx D., Tousseyn T., Olivier G. How I treat posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood, 2015; 126 (20): 2274–2283. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-615872Dierickx D., Tousseyn T., Olivier G. How I treat posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood, 2015; 126 (20): 2274–2283. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-615872Haverich A. A surgeon’s view on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circulation, 2017; 135 (3): 205–207. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025407Haverich A. A surgeon’s view on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circulation, 2017; 135 (3): 205–207. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025407Gimbrone Jr M.A. García-Cardeña G. Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ. Res., 2016; 118: 620–636. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301Gimbrone Jr M.A. García-Cardeña G. Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ. Res., 2016; 118: 620–636. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301Song P., Fang Z., Wang H., Cai Y., Rahimi K., Zhu Y., Fowkes F.G.R., Fowkes F.J.I., Rudan I. Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review, metaanalysis, and modelling study. Peige Song, 2020; 8 (5): E721–E729. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (20) 30117-0Song P., Fang Z., Wang H., Cai Y., Rahimi K., Zhu Y., Fowkes F.G.R., Fowkes F.J.I., Rudan I. Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review, metaanalysis, and modelling study. Peige Song, 2020; 8 (5): E721–E729. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (20) 30117-0Motoyama S., Ito H., Sarai M., Kondo T., Kawai H., Nagahara Y., Harigaya H., Kan S., Annj H., Takahashi H., Naruse H., Ishii J., Hecht H., Shaw L.J., Ozaki Y., Narula J. Plaque characterization by coronary computed tomography angiography and the likelihood of acute coronary events in mid-term follow-up. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2015; 66: 337–346. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.069Motoyama S., Ito H., Sarai M., Kondo T., Kawai H., Nagahara Y., Harigaya H., Kan S., Annj H., Takahashi H., Naruse H., Ishii J., Hecht H., Shaw L.J., Ozaki Y., Narula J. Plaque characterization by coronary computed tomography angiography and the likelihood of acute coronary events in mid-term follow-up. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2015; 66: 337–346. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.069Ahmadi A., Leipsic J., Blankstein R., Taylor C., Hecht H., Stone G.W., Narula J. Do plaques rapidly progress prior to myocardial infarction? The interplay between plaque vulnerability and progression. Circ. Res., 2015; 117: 99. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305637Ahmadi A., Leipsic J., Blankstein R., Taylor C., Hecht H., Stone G.W., Narula J. Do plaques rapidly progress prior to myocardial infarction? The interplay between plaque vulnerability and progression. Circ. Res., 2015; 117: 99. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305637Ahmadi A., Narula J. Precluding revascularization in stable coronary disease: the power of double negatives. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2018; 72: 1936. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1040Ahmadi A., Narula J. Precluding revascularization in stable coronary disease: the power of double negatives. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2018; 72: 1936. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1040Park H.B., Heo R., ó Hartaigh B., Cho I., Gransar H., Nakazato R., Leipsic J., Mancini G.B.J., Koo B.-K., Otake H., Budoff M.J., Berman D.S., Erglis A., Chang H.-J., Min J.K. Atherosclerotic plaque characteristics by CT angiography identify coronary lesions that cause ischemia: a direct comparison to fractional flow reserve. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., 2015; 8: 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.11.002Park H.B., Heo R., ó Hartaigh B., Cho I., Gransar H., Nakazato R., Leipsic J., Mancini G.B.J., Koo B.-K., Otake H., Budoff M.J., Berman D.S., Erglis A., Chang H.-J., Min J.K. Atherosclerotic plaque characteristics by CT angiography identify coronary lesions that cause ischemia: a direct comparison to fractional flow reserve. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., 2015; 8: 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.11.002Ferencik M., Mayrhofer T., Bittner D.O., Emami H., Puchner S.B., Lu M.T., Meyersohn N.M., Ivanov A.V., Adami E.C., Patel M.R., Mark D.B., Udelson J.E., Lee K.L., Douglas P.S., Hoffmann U. Use of highrisk coronary atherosclerotic plaque detection for risk stratification of patients with stable chest pain: a secondary analysis of the PROMISE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol., 2018; 3: 144–152. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4973Ferencik M., Mayrhofer T., Bittner D.O., Emami H., Puchner S.B., Lu M.T., Meyersohn N.M., Ivanov A.V., Adami E.C., Patel M.R., Mark D.B., Udelson J.E., Lee K.L., Douglas P.S., Hoffmann U. Use of highrisk coronary atherosclerotic plaque detection for risk stratification of patients with stable chest pain: a secondary analysis of the PROMISE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol., 2018; 3: 144–152. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4973Ahmadi A., Leipsic J., Øvrehus K.A., Gaur S., Bagiella E., Ko B., Dey D., LaRocca G., Jensen J.M., Bøtker H.E., Achenbach S., de Bruyne B., Nørgaard B.L., Narula J. Lesion-specific and vessel-related determinants of fractional flow reserve beyond coronary artery stenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., 2018; 11: 521–530. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.11.020Ahmadi A., Leipsic J., Øvrehus K.A., Gaur S., Bagiella E., Ko B., Dey D., LaRocca G., Jensen J.M., Bøtker H.E., Achenbach S., de Bruyne B., Nørgaard B.L., Narula J. Lesion-specific and vessel-related determinants of fractional flow reserve beyond coronary artery stenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., 2018; 11: 521–530. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.11.020Boyle E.C., Sedding D.G., Haverich A. Targeting vasa vasorum dysfunction to prevent atherosclerosis. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2017; 96–98: 5–10. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.08.003Boyle E.C., Sedding D.G., Haverich A. Targeting vasa vasorum dysfunction to prevent atherosclerosis. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2017; 96–98: 5–10. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.08.003Ahmadi A., Stone G.W., Leipsic J., Serruys P.W., Shaw L., Hecht H., Wong G., Nørgaard B.L., Gara P.T.O., Chandrashekhar Y., Narula J. Association of coronary stenosis and plaque morphology with fractional flow reserve and outcomes. JAMA Cardiol., 2016; 1: 350. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0263Ahmadi A., Stone G.W., Leipsic J., Serruys P.W., Shaw L., Hecht H., Wong G., Nørgaard B.L., Gara P.T.O., Chandrashekhar Y., Narula J. Association of coronary stenosis and plaque morphology with fractional flow reserve and outcomes. JAMA Cardiol., 2016; 1: 350. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.0263Lee S.E., Chang H.J., Sung J.M., Park H.-B., Heo R., Rizvi A., Lin F.Y., Kumar A., Hadamitzky M., Kim Y.J., Conte E., Andreini D., Pontone G., Budoff M.J., Gottlieb I., Lee B.K., Chun E.J., Cademartiri F., Maffei E., Marques H., Leipsic J.A., Shin S., Choi J.H.,Chinnaiyan K., Raff G., Virmani R., Samady H., Stone P.H., Berman D.S., Narula J., Shaw L.J., Bax J.J., Min J.K. Effects of statins on coronary atherosclerotic plaques: the PARADIGM study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., 2018; 11 (10): 1475–1484. doi:Lee S.E., Chang H.J., Sung J.M., Park H.-B., Heo R., Rizvi A., Lin F.Y., Kumar A., Hadamitzky M., Kim Y.J., Conte E., Andreini D., Pontone G., Budoff M.J., Gottlieb I., Lee B.K., Chun E.J., Cademartiri F., Maffei E., Marques H., Leipsic J.A., Shin S., Choi J.H.,Chinnaiyan K., Raff G., Virmani R., Samady H., Stone P.H., Berman D.S., Narula J., Shaw L.J., Bax J.J., Min J.K. Effects of statins on coronary atherosclerotic plaques: the PARADIGM study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., 2018; 11 (10): 1475–1484. doi:1016/j.jcmg.2018.04.0151016/j.jcmg.2018.04.015Ahmadi A., Narula J. Primary and secondary prevention, or subclinical and clinical atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., 2017; 10 (4): 447–450. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.08.002Ahmadi A., Narula J. Primary and secondary prevention, or subclinical and clinical atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., 2017; 10 (4): 447–450. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.08.002Shah P., Bajaj S., Virk H., Bikkina M. Rapid progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a review. Thrombosis, 2015; 2: 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2015/634983Shah P., Bajaj S., Virk H., Bikkina M. Rapid progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a review. Thrombosis, 2015; 2: 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2015/634983Chistiakov D.A., Melnichenko A.A., Myasoedova V.A., Grechko A.V., Orekhov A.N. Role of lipids and intraplaque hypoxia in the formation of neovascularization in atherosclerosis. Ann. Med., 2017; 49 (8): 661–677. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2017.1366041Chistiakov D.A., Melnichenko A.A., Myasoedova V.A., Grechko A.V., Orekhov A.N. Role of lipids and intraplaque hypoxia in the formation of neovascularization in atherosclerosis. Ann. Med., 2017; 49 (8): 661–677. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2017.1366041Singh A., Collins B.L., Gupta A., Fatima A., Qamar A., Biery D., Baez J., Cawley M., Klein J., Hainer J., Plutzky J., Cannon C.P., Nasir K., di Carli M.F., Bhatt D.L., Blankstein R. Cardiovascular risk and statin eligibility of young adults after an MI: Partners YOUNG-MI Registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2018; 71 (3): 292–302. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.007Singh A., Collins B.L., Gupta A., Fatima A., Qamar A., Biery D., Baez J., Cawley M., Klein J., Hainer J., Plutzky J., Cannon C.P., Nasir K., di Carli M.F., Bhatt D.L., Blankstein R. Cardiovascular risk and statin eligibility of young adults after an MI: Partners YOUNG-MI Registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2018; 71 (3): 292–302. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.007Mitchell J.D., Fergestrom N., Gage B.F., Paisley R., Moon P., Novak E., Cheezum M., Shaw L.J., Villines T.C. Impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes following coronary artery calcium scoring. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2018; 72 (25): 3233–3242. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.051Mitchell J.D., Fergestrom N., Gage B.F., Paisley R., Moon P., Novak E., Cheezum M., Shaw L.J., Villines T.C. Impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes following coronary artery calcium scoring. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2018; 72 (25): 3233–3242. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.051Tsujita K., Sugiyama S., Sumida H., Shimomura H., Yamashita T., Yamanaga K., Komura N., Sakamoto K., Oka H., Nakao K., Nakamura S., Ishihara M., Matsui K., Sakaino N., Nakamura N., Yamamoto N., Koide S., Matsumura T., Fujumoto K., Tsunoda R., Morikami Y., Matsuyama K., Oshima S., Kaikita K., Hokimoto S., Ogawa H. Impact of dual lipid-lowering strategy with ezetimibe and atorvastatin on coronary plaque regression in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention: the multicenter randomized controlled PRECISE-IVUS trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2015; 66 (5): 495–507. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.065Tsujita K., Sugiyama S., Sumida H., Shimomura H., Yamashita T., Yamanaga K., Komura N., Sakamoto K., Oka H., Nakao K., Nakamura S., Ishihara M., Matsui K., Sakaino N., Nakamura N., Yamamoto N., Koide S., Matsumura T., Fujumoto K., Tsunoda R., Morikami Y., Matsuyama K., Oshima S., Kaikita K., Hokimoto S., Ogawa H. Impact of dual lipid-lowering strategy with ezetimibe and atorvastatin on coronary plaque regression in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention: the multicenter randomized controlled PRECISE-IVUS trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2015; 66 (5): 495–507. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.065Valgimigli M., Bueno H., Byrne R.A., Collet J.-P., Costa F., Jeppsson A., Jüni P., Kastrati A. Kolh P., Mauri L., Montalescot G., Neumann F.-J., Petricevic M., Roffi M., Steg P.G., Windecker S., Zamorano J.L., Levine G.N. ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur. Heart J., 2018; 39 (3): 213–260. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419Valgimigli M., Bueno H., Byrne R.A., Collet J.-P., Costa F., Jeppsson A., Jüni P., Kastrati A. Kolh P., Mauri L., Montalescot G., Neumann F.-J., Petricevic M., Roffi M., Steg P.G., Windecker S., Zamorano J.L., Levine G.N. ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur. Heart J., 2018; 39 (3): 213–260. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419Xu J., Lu X., Shi G.-P. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerosis and clinical significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2015; 16 (5): 11574–11608. doi: 10.3390/ijms160511574Xu J., Lu X., Shi G.-P. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerosis and clinical significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2015; 16 (5): 11574–11608. doi: 10.3390/ijms160511574Zheng L., Yang W.J., Niu C.B., Zhao H.L., Wong K.S., Leung T.W.H., Chen X.Y. Correlation of adventitial vasa vasorum with intracranial atherosclerosis: a postmortem study. J. Stroke, 2018; 20 (3): 342–349. doi: 10.5853/jos.2018.01263Zheng L., Yang W.J., Niu C.B., Zhao H.L., Wong K.S., Leung T.W.H., Chen X.Y. Correlation of adventitial vasa vasorum with intracranial atherosclerosis: a postmortem study. J. Stroke, 2018; 20 (3): 342–349. doi: 10.5853/jos.2018.01263Alfonso F., de la Torre Hernández J.M. Vasa vasorum and coronary artery disease progression: optical coherence tomography findings. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Img., 2016; 17 (3): 280–282. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev318Alfonso F., de la Torre Hernández J.M. Vasa vasorum and coronary artery disease progression: optical coherence tomography findings. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Img., 2016; 17 (3): 280–282. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev318Boyle E.C., Sedding D.G., Haverich A. Targeting vasa vasorum dysfunction to prevent atherosclerosis. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2017; 96–98: 5–10. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.08.003Boyle E.C., Sedding D.G., Haverich A. Targeting vasa vasorum dysfunction to prevent atherosclerosis. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2017; 96–98: 5–10. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.08.003Colas R.A., Souza P.R., Walker M.E., Burton M., Zaslona Z., Curtis A.M., Marques R.M., Dalli J. Impaired production and diurnal regulation of vascular RvDn-3 DPA increase systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res., 2018; 122(6): 855–863. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312472Colas R.A., Souza P.R., Walker M.E., Burton M., Zaslona Z., Curtis A.M., Marques R.M., Dalli J. Impaired production and diurnal regulation of vascular RvDn-3 DPA increase systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res., 2018; 122(6): 855–863. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312472Hansson G.K., Libby P., Tabas I. Inflammation and plaque vulnerability. J. Int. Med., 2015; 278 (5): 483–493. doi: 10.1111/joim.12406Hansson G.K., Libby P., Tabas I. Inflammation and plaque vulnerability. J. Int. Med., 2015; 278 (5): 483–493. doi: 10.1111/joim.12406Kral B.G., Kalyani R.R., Yanek L.R. Relation of plasma lipoprotein(a) to subclinical coronary plaque volumes, three-vessel and left main coronary disease, and severe coronary stenoses in apparently healthy african americans with a family history of early onset coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 2016; 118 (5): 656–661. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.06.020Kral B.G., Kalyani R.R., Yanek L.R. Relation of plasma lipoprotein(a) to subclinical coronary plaque volumes, three-vessel and left main coronary disease, and severe coronary stenoses in apparently healthy african americans with a family history of early onset coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol., 2016; 118 (5): 656–661. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.06.020Rincón I., Polak J.F., O'Leary D.H., Battafarano D.F., Erikson J.M., Restrepo J.F., Molinf E., Escalante A. Systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors predict rapid progression of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2015; 74: 1118–1123. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205058Rincón I., Polak J.F., O'Leary D.H., Battafarano D.F., Erikson J.M., Restrepo J.F., Molinf E., Escalante A. Systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors predict rapid progression of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2015; 74: 1118–1123. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205058Welsh P., Grassia G., Botha S., Sattar N., Maffia P. Targeting inflammation to reduce cardiovascular disease risk: a realistic clinical prospect? Br. J. Pharmacol., 2017; 174 (22): 3898–3913. doi: 10.1111/bph.13818Welsh P., Grassia G., Botha S., Sattar N., Maffia P. Targeting inflammation to reduce cardiovascular disease risk: a realistic clinical prospect? Br. J. Pharmacol., 2017; 174 (22): 3898–3913. doi: 10.1111/bph.13818Shin S., Park H.B., Chang H.J., Arsanjani R., Min J.K., Kim Y.-J., Lee B.K., Choi J.-H., Hong G.-R., Chung N. Impact of intensive LDL cholesterol lowering on coronary artery atherosclerosis progression: a serial CT angiography study. JACC Img., 2017; 10 (4): 437–446. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.04.013Shin S., Park H.B., Chang H.J., Arsanjani R., Min J.K., Kim Y.-J., Lee B.K., Choi J.-H., Hong G.-R., Chung N. Impact of intensive LDL cholesterol lowering on coronary artery atherosclerosis progression: a serial CT angiography study. JACC Img., 2017; 10 (4): 437–446. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.04.013Ridker P.M., Everett B.M., Thuren T., MacFadyen J.G., Chang W.H., Ballantyne C., Fonseca F., Nicolau J., Koenig W., Anker S.D., Kastelein J.J.P., Cornel J.H., Pais P., Pella D., Genest J., Cifkova R., Lorenzatti A., Forster T., Kobalava Z., Vida-Smiti L., Flather M., Shimokawa H., Ogawa H., Dellborg M., Rossi P.R.F., Troquay R.P.T., Libby P., Glynn R.J.G. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017; 377 (12): 1119–1131. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707914Ridker P.M., Everett B.M., Thuren T., MacFadyen J.G., Chang W.H., Ballantyne C., Fonseca F., Nicolau J., Koenig W., Anker S.D., Kastelein J.J.P., Cornel J.H., Pais P., Pella D., Genest J., Cifkova R., Lorenzatti A., Forster T., Kobalava Z., Vida-Smiti L., Flather M., Shimokawa H., Ogawa H., Dellborg M., Rossi P.R.F., Troquay R.P.T., Libby P., Glynn R.J.G. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017; 377 (12): 1119–1131. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707914Mazzone A., Parri M.S., Giannessi D., Ravani M., Vaghetti M., Altieri P., Casalino L., Maltinti M., Balbi M., Barsotti A., Berti S. Osteopontin plasma levels and accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with CAD undergoing PCI: a prospective clinical study. Coronary Artery Dis., 2011; 22 (3): 179–187. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0b013e3283441d0bMazzone A., Parri M.S., Giannessi D., Ravani M., Vaghetti M., Altieri P., Casalino L., Maltinti M., Balbi M., Barsotti A., Berti S. Osteopontin plasma levels and accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with CAD undergoing PCI: a prospective clinical study. Coronary Artery Dis., 2011; 22 (3): 179–187. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0b013e3283441d0bAfolabi A., Mustafina I., Zhao L., Li L., Sun R., Hu S., Zhang S., Jia H., Guilio G., Yu B. Does spotty calcification attenuate the response of nonculprit plaque to statin therapy?: A serial optical coherence tomography study. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv., 2018; 91 (S1): 582–590. doi: 10.1002/ccd.27496Afolabi A., Mustafina I., Zhao L., Li L., Sun R., Hu S., Zhang S., Jia H., Guilio G., Yu B. Does spotty calcification attenuate the response of nonculprit plaque to statin therapy?: A serial optical coherence tomography study. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv., 2018; 91 (S1): 582–590. doi: 10.1002/ccd.27496Skeoch S., Bruce I.N. Atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: is it all about inflammation? Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2015; 11 (7): 390–400. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.40Skeoch S., Bruce I.N. Atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: is it all about inflammation? Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2015; 11 (7): 390–400. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.40Serhan C.N., Chiang N., Dalli J. The resolution code of acute inflammation: Novel pro-resolving lipid mediators in resolution. Semin. Immunol., 2015; 27 (3): 200–215. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.004Serhan C.N., Chiang N., Dalli J. The resolution code of acute inflammation: Novel pro-resolving lipid mediators in resolution. Semin. Immunol., 2015; 27 (3): 200–215. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.004Nicholls S.J., Puri R., Anderson T., Ballantyne C.M., Cho L., Kastelein J.J.P., Koenig W., Somaratne R., Kassahun H., Yang J., Wasserman S.M., Scott R., Ungi I., Podolec J., Ophuis A.O., Cornel J.H., Borgman M., Brennan D.M., Nissen S. Effect of evolocumab on progression of coronary disease in statintreated patients: the GLAGOV randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2016; 316 (22): 2373–2384. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.16951Nicholls S.J., Puri R., Anderson T., Ballantyne C.M., Cho L., Kastelein J.J.P., Koenig W., Somaratne R., Kassahun H., Yang J., Wasserman S.M., Scott R., Ungi I., Podolec J., Ophuis A.O., Cornel J.H., Borgman M., Brennan D.M., Nissen S. Effect of evolocumab on progression of coronary disease in statintreated patients: the GLAGOV randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2016; 316 (22): 2373–2384. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.16951Ridker P.M., Everett B.M., Thuren T., MacFadyen J.G., Chang W.H., Ballantyne C., Fonseca F., Nicolau J., Koenig W., Anker S.D., Kastelein J.J.P., Cornel J.H., Pais P., Pella D., Genest J., Cifkova R., Lorenzatti A., Forster T., Kobalava Z., Vida-Simiti L., Flather M., Shimokawa H., Ogawa H., Dellborg M., Rossi P.R.F., Troquay R.P.T., Libby P., Glynn R.J. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017; 377 (12): 1119–1131. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707914Ridker P.M., Everett B.M., Thuren T., MacFadyen J.G., Chang W.H., Ballantyne C., Fonseca F., Nicolau J., Koenig W., Anker S.D., Kastelein J.J.P., Cornel J.H., Pais P., Pella D., Genest J., Cifkova R., Lorenzatti A., Forster T., Kobalava Z., Vida-Simiti L., Flather M., Shimokawa H., Ogawa H., Dellborg M., Rossi P.R.F., Troquay R.P.T., Libby P., Glynn R.J. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017; 377 (12): 1119–1131. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707914Sen N. Cocaine cardiomyopathy, physicians should be aware and focused on management. J. Clin. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Intervent., 2020; 3 (1). doi:10.31579/2641-0419/024Sen N. Cocaine cardiomyopathy, physicians should be aware and focused on management. J. Clin. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Intervent., 2020; 3 (1). doi:10.31579/2641-0419/024Welten S.M., Goossens E.A., Quax P.H., Nossent A.Y. The multifactorial nature of microRNAs in vascular remodeling. Cardiovasc. Res., 2016; 110 (1): 6–22. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvw039Welten S.M., Goossens E.A., Quax P.H., Nossent A.Y. The multifactorial nature of microRNAs in vascular remodeling. Cardiovasc. Res., 2016; 110 (1): 6–22. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvw039Chistiakov D.A., Sobenin I.A., Orekhov A.N., Bobryshev Y.V. Human miR-221/222 in physiological and atherosclerotic vascular remodeling. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015; 2015: 354517. doi: 10.1155/2015/354517Chistiakov D.A., Sobenin I.A., Orekhov A.N., Bobryshev Y.V. Human miR-221/222 in physiological and atherosclerotic vascular remodeling. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015; 2015: 354517. doi: 10.1155/2015/354517

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.